Understanding how irrigation is used across agricultural landscapes is essential to support efforts to grow more food while reducing pressures on limited freshwater resources. However, to date, few ...studies have analyzed the underlying spatial and temporal variability in farmers' individual water use decisions at a landscape scale. We compare estimates of irrigation water requirements derived using state-of-the-art remote sensing models with metered abstraction records for 1400 fields over a 13 year period in the US state of Nebraska, one of the world's most intensively irrigated agricultural regions. We show that farmers' observed water use decisions often diverge significantly from biophysical estimates of crop irrigation requirements. In particular, our findings are consistent with widespread use of water conservation practices by farmers in drought years as an adaptive response to rising irrigation costs and regulatory water supply constraints in these years. We also demonstrate that, in any individual year, farmers observed water use exhibits large field-to-field variability, which cannot be explained fully by differences in weather, soil type, crop choice, or technology. Our results highlight the value of using both in situ monitoring and remote sensing to evaluate farmers' individual water use behavior and understand likely responses to future changes in climate or water policy. Moreover, our findings also demonstrate potential challenges for current efforts in developed and developing countries to apply model-based approaches for field-level water use accounting and enforcement of irrigation water rights.
The increasing pressure on water resources in agricultural areas requires the implementation of innovative tools and solutions to improve irrigation water management. Against that background, this ...research presents the application of a remote sensing-based methodology for estimating actual evapotranspiration (ETa) based on two-source energy balance model (TSEB) and remote sensing-water balance (RSWB) coupling for sugarcane crop in Brazil using the hybrid model Spatial EvapoTranspiration Modeling Interface (SETMI). Estimated results through SETMI and field data using the eddy covariance system (EC) considering two growing seasons were used to validate the energy balance components and ETa. In addition, the basal crop coefficient as a function of the spectral reflectance (Kcbrf) was developed through the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) and observed ET. Modeled energy balance components showed a strong correlation to the ground data from EC, with ET presenting R2 equal to 0.94 and a Pearson correlation coefficient (ρ) equal to 0.88. Regarding Kcbrf, the Kcb-SAVI relationship for sugarcane presented a high correlation with an R2 value of 0.85 and an "ρ" equal to 0.92. On average, considering the whole season, Kcb was equal to 0.75 and 0.73 for the 4th ratoon and 5th ratoon, respectively. Overall, the average Kc throughout the period was 0.73 and 0.70 for the 4th and 5th ratoons respectively, and the maximum Kc of about 1.23 for both growing seasons. On average, accumulated ETa presented 1025 mm resulting in ETa rates of 2.9 mm per day considering the two seasons. Crop water productivity (WP) obtained values similar between the seasons, averaging 12.6, 21.7, and 12.3 kg m−3 for WPp+i, WPi and WPET, respectively. The SETMI hybrid model produced suitable estimated daily ETa values over the two growing seasons through remote sensing based on the Kcb-SAVI relationship and good performance of TSEB model during the evaluated growing periods confirming the applicability of the model under tropical conditions in Brazil focusing on improving irrigation management in sugarcane crop.
•SETMI hybrid model was used to estimate ET for two irrigated sugarcane in Brazil.•Kcb-VI relationship was designed under Brazilian tropical conditions for sugarcane.•ET estimates from TSEB agree closely to ET measured with EC method.•The Kcb-VI relationship presented strong Pearson correlation over 0.90.•SETMI produced suitable ET values and appropriate RSEB for irrigation management.
Irrigated agriculture requires the implementation of innovative tools to improve irrigation water management and accurate estimation of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) such as remote sensing-based ...methodology. This study aimed to evaluate the irrigation management and estimating evapotranspiration through the geeSEBAL, a new tool for automated estimation of ETa based on the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and a simplified version of the Calibration using Inverse Modeling at Extreme Conditions (CIMEC) process for the endmembers selection, implemented into the Google Earth Engine (GEE) environment. GeeSEBAL has not been used yet in Brazil for irrigation proposes, and in this research, it was applied to estimate ETa using Landsat images and ERA5-Land as meteorological inputs in the largest sugarcane producing region of the world in Brazil for two ratoon seasons by comparing daily ETa with values obtained from eddy covariance (EC) data, Energy balance components using geeSEBAL were consistent with the measured data and daily ETa presenting RMSE of 0.46 mm with R2 = 0.97. Modeled ETa and Kc were similar for the two seasons, although somewhat overestimated for the fifth ratoon when compared to the EC data, mainly during high atmospheric demand (crop mid-stage). Still, the Kc values were similar to the standard values available in the literature and measured flux tower data for the two ratoons seasons. With ETa from geeSEBAL it was possible to identify water stress over the growing seasons using the remote sensing-based soil water balance, which occurred mainly during the phase after the crop reached the peak Kc (full cover stage) when the irrigation depth required was very high. This analysis showed that geeSEBAL has a significant potential for assessment of ETa for irrigation monitoring and management, even in missing climate data areas, allowing important advances in water resources management for sugarcane and other irrigated crops at field or regional scales.
•An open-source SEBAL framework within the GEE using ERA5 and automatic calibration was used to estimate ET for sugarcane.•Modeled energy balance components using the geeSEBAL agreed with the eddy covariance values, ETa presenting RMSE of 0.46 mm.•The RS-SWB for the two ratoons identified water stress. Modeled ETa was overestimated at high water atmospheric demand.•The geeSEBAL showed to be able to improve irrigation management for sugarcane in Brazil without using any ground data.
Teneurins are transmembrane proteins consisting of four paralogues (Ten-1-4), notably expressed in the central nervous system during development. All teneurins contain a bioactive peptide in their ...carboxyl terminal named teneurin C-terminal associated peptide (TCAP). The present study analyzed the detailed distribution of teneurin-2-like immunoreactive (Ten-2-LI) cells in developing and mature rat molar teeth, as well as in mature human dental pulps. Ten-2 and TCAP-2 genic expressions were also evaluated in rat and human dental pulps. Finally, Ten-2-LI cells were analyzed during the repair process after dentin-pulp complex injury in rat lower molar teeth. For this, histological sections of rat molar teeth and human dental pulps were submitted to immunohistochemical techniques, while total RNA from developing rat teeth and mature human dental pulps were submitted to conventional RT-PCR. Ten-2-LI cells were evident in the initial bell stage of rat molar teeth development, especially in ectomesenchymal cells of the dental papilla. Ten-2-LI odontoblasts showed strong immunoreactivity in rat and human mature teeth. Ten-2 and TCAP-2 genic expressions were confirmed in rat and human dental pulps. Dentin-pulp complex injury resulted in a decrease of Ten-2-LI odontoblasts after traumatic injury. Interestingly, Ten-2-LI cells were also evident in the pulp cell-rich zone in all postoperative days. In conclusion, Ten-2-LI presence in rat and human odontoblasts was demonstrated for the first time and Ten-2/TCAP-2 genic expressions were confirmed in rat and human dental pulps. Furthermore, it was revealed that Ten-2-LI rat odontoblasts can be modulated during the regenerative process.
Low sugarcane productivity in Brazil is due to insufficient rainfall and would benefit from irrigation. Thus, the application of treated wastewater, such as treated domestic sewage (TDS), becomes an ...alternative water and nutrient source for sugarcane cultivation. The objective of this research was to evaluate the productivity, soil fertility, fertilizer savings and nutritional balance during 2 years of sugarcane crops using TDS applied through subsurface drip irrigation. The experiment was conducted in the field under a randomized block design with five treatments, with two dripline depths and two water qualities (domestic sewage and surface reservoir) and finally non-irrigated plots. Productivity, nutritional balance, and soil fertility were measured during two harvest cycles. The irrigated treatments presented greater productivity in both ratoons (28.5% and 42.8%) and, consequently, higher nutrient extraction compared to the input, which provided a reduction of average soil fertility during the cycles evaluated. The dripline depths and the water qualities applied influenced concentrations of sodium in the soil profile, with highest levels in TDS treatments. Treatments with TDS also showed, in both cycles, significant savings of up to 100% on the application of nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, TDS applied by subsurface drip can be used as an irrigation alternative in sugarcane cultivation.
•Subsurface drip in sugarcane with application of domestic wastewater is part of a pilot study in largest producing area of the world under a very atypical dry season.•Two depths of dripper line ...installation and two water sources, besides the rainfed cultivation.•Physiological attributes, water quality, vegetative growth, productivity and technological quality were measured.•Water management performed by the TDR technique and the irrigated plots were fertigated based on water quality and depths applied.•Treated domestic wastewater applied through subsurface drip increased the sugarcane productivity by almost 100% in relation to the non-irrigated plots.
The water scarcity is one of the main factors contributing to the reduction of productivity in agricultural crops, and the use of alternative water source in the irrigation is an option to minimize water stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the water relations, vegetative growth, productivity and technological quality of sugarcane irrigated with treated domestic sewage by subsurface drip during its second ratoon. The research was performed at the School of Agricultural Engineering of the State University of Campinas—SP, through a randomized block design with five treatments, with two depths of dripper lines installation and two water sources, which are: irrigation with wastewater from domestic sewage applied to 0.20m depth, and to 0.40m, irrigation with fresh water from a surface reservoir to 0.20m depth and to 0.40m and finally non-irrigated plots. Irrigation management was performed following the soil water balance through the time-domain reflectometry technique and all irrigated treatments were fertigated according to the water source applied. Leaf water potential, chlorophyll, gas exchange, leaf nutrition, vegetative growth, productivity and quality technological were measured during the second ratoon of sugarcane. Soil moisture changed according to the depth of the dripper lines installation, being higher for irrigated treatments. The leaf water potential, chlorophyll, gas exchange and nitrogen and magnesium concentration in the leaves also were higher for irrigated plots. The irrigated treatments with sewage had the largest stem and sugar yield compared with the rainfed, being the dripper line irrigated with sewage to 0.20m presenting the greatest differences reaching 95% and 86% with a productivity of 233.69Mgha−1 and 37.06Mgha−1 for stem and total recoverable sugar, respectively; however, there were not significant differences between the irrigated plots. The technological quality of sugarcane was considered appropriate to all treatments.
Abstract
Introduction:
Sleep regulates immune functions. We investigated whether nocturnal shiftwork can influence the immune response upon vaccination.
Methods:
Thirty four healthy workers (23 ...females), nocturnal and diurnal shifts (17 day workers), were vaccinated against Meningococcal C (MenC) meningitis. Sleep was recorded polysomnographically and the compliance with the work schedule was evaluated with actigraphy. Humoral, cellular immune response and hormonal levels were assessed on baseline, 28 and 56 days after vaccination.
Results:
Compared with day workers, the night workers showed increased inflammatory mediators (TNF-α and IL-6 levels) and a reduced specific humoral response to vaccination, N3 and REM sleep duration. The reduction of CD4 T lymphocytes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and prolactin levels, and, on the other hand, increased TReg and IL-10 levels in night workers corroborate a possible weaker humoral response nocturnal shift work-dependent. In addition, both sleep and circadian rhythm alterations were associated with the reduced humoral response of night workers: a decrease in the total sleep time (also revealed as a significant predictor) and an increase in the phase delay related to the nocturnal shift were associated with the reduction in the number of specific antibodies response.
Conclusion:
Our findings provide novel evidence about negative consequences of shift work on workers’ health based on real life circumstances. In association with circadian components, the total sleep time was essential for the Ag-specific immune response development, suggesting that the response to vaccination may be impaired in individuals with chronic sleep restriction and circadian misalignment.
Support (If Any):
Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa (AFIP), FAPESP (#2011/20316–7 F.S.R.; 2012/09700-2 M.T.M.), CNPq (401823/2012-1; L.R.B.).
The discipline of anatomy is one of the pillars of training in higher education courses in health area. Since its origin, this discipline has used the traditional method as an educational strategy. ...Since then, the discipline has undergone changes, including other teaching methods, such as active methodologies. With the COVID-19 pandemic, declared in March 2020 and the closure of higher education institutions, the teaching of anatomy was impacted, since it was necessary to adapt the modality of face-to-face teaching to remote teaching. The present study aims to evaluate the perception of teachers regarding students' anatomy learning in relation to the types of methodologies applied in remote teaching during the pandemic. For such, a cross-sectional study was carried out, which analyzed the answers of 101 anatomy teachers. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference regarding teachers' perception of learning in relation to the type of methodology used in remote teaching during the pandemic. There was also no difference in comparing perceptions regarding the type of methodology used before and during the pandemic. Given this, these data encourage the need for reflection in the academic community and new studies with educators and students, in order to identify factors that may improve the quality of anatomy learning.
A mucormicose é uma infecção rara, porém altamente invasiva, causada por fungo da classe dos zigomicetos, ordem Mucorales e Entomophtorales. É causada por patógenos oportunistas e está associada às ...doenças hematológicas devido ao imunocomprometimento. Possui um curso clínico fulminante e grave, devido ao rápido crescimento do fungo e a destruição de tecidos adjacentes, demandando diagnóstico precoce e tratamento clínico/cirúrgico breve. A mucormicose na forma rinocerebroorbitária é associada à piores prognósticos e quase que exclusivamente observadas em pacientes imunocomprometidos. Neste relato de caso, uma paciente do gênero feminino de 53 anos com diagnóstico de LMA secundária à SMD, tratada com daunorrubicina e citarabina, foi internada no setor de hematologia com edema de face, neutropenia febril e leve parestesia em hemiface esquerda, sendo posteriormente diagnosticada como sinusite e celulite periorbitária, com drenagem de secreção pela rinofaringe e orofaringe. Em maio de 2021, paciente foi diagnosticada com mucormicose em região periorbitária, acometendo também cavidade nasal e seio maxilar esquerdo. Apresentou leucograma de 1510 leucócitos sendo 408 neutrófilos em sangue periférico. Durante a avaliação odontológica foi visualizado pequeno nódulo de consistência fibrosa, de aproximadamente 0,1cm de extensão, de coloração amarelada, na região de gengiva inserida do primeiro pré-molar superior esquerdo, quando foi sugerido e realizado uma radiografia panorâmica e tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico para definir a extensão da lesão. Foi realizada cultura sugerindo diagnóstico de infecção fúngica compatível com mucormicose. Foi iniciado o tratamento com Isavuconazol e Levofloxacino. A paciente evoluiu para óbito decorrente de síndrome respiratória aguda grave-Covid-19. Conclui-se que a abordagem multiprofissional no diagnóstico dos pacientes com doenças onco-hematológicas faz-se necessário para instituir o correto tratamento e acompanhamento das doenças.
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