Graphene, the thinnest, strongest, and stiffest material with exceptional thermal conductivity and electron mobility, has increasingly received world‐wide attention in the past few years. These ...unique properties may lead to novel or improved technologies to address the pressing global challenges in many applications including transparent conducting electrodes, field effect transistors, flexible touch screen, single‐molecule gas detection, desalination, DNA sequencing, osmotic energy production, etc. To realize these applications, it is necessary to transfer graphene films from growth substrate to target substrate with large‐area, clean, and low defect surface, which are crucial to the performances of large‐area graphene devices. This critical review assesses the recent development in transferring large‐area graphene grown on Fe, Ru, Co, Ir, Ni, Pt, Au, Cu, and some nonmetal substrates by using various synthesized methods. Among them, the transfers of the most attention kinds of graphene synthesized on Cu and SiC substrates are discussed emphatically. The advances and the main challenges of each wet and dry transfer method for obtaining the transferred graphene film with large‐area, clean, and low defect surface are also reviewed. Finally, the article concludes the most promising methods and the further prospects of graphene transfer.
Graphene has increasingly received world‐wide attention in the past few years. It is necessary to transfer graphene films from growth substrate to target substrate when fabricating graphene‐based devices. This critical review assesses the recent development in transferring large‐area graphene and concludes the most promising methods and the further prospects of graphene transfer.
In December 2019, pneumonia of unknown cause occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. On 7 January 2020, a novel coronavirus, named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), ...was identified in the throat swab sample of one patient. The World Health Organization (WHO) announced the epidemic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Currently, COVID-19 has spread widely around the world, affecting more than seventy countries. China, with a huge burden of this disease, has taken strong measures to control the spread and improve the curative rate of COVID-19. In this review, we summarized the epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19. A comprehensive understanding will help to control the disease.
With the rapid development of bionic science and manufacturing technology, superhydrophobic surfaces have received extensive attention and research. However, the cumbersome steps, high cost, fluorine ...pollution, and poor durability greatly restrict its commercial promotion and application. Here, a simple spraying method is used to construct wear-resistant superhydrophobic coatings on various substrates such as glass, filter paper, copper sheets, and polyethylene terephthalate films, using an integrated fluorine-free suspension consisting of silica micropowder, nanofumed silica, epoxy resin, and polydimethylsiloxane. The prepared superhydrophobic coating can withstand 75 sandpaper abrasion cycles and can still maintain good superhydrophobic performance after other physical tests (e.g., hand kneading and tape peeling after knife scraping). In addition, the coating is extremely water-repellent under harsh conditions such as strong UV irradiation and extreme chemical corrosive media. In the buoyancy test, the coated filter paper can bear 39 times its own gravity. This water-repellent interface also has the ability to self-clean in air and oil environments due to its ultralow adhesion to water droplets. Thanks to its simplicity, cheapness, and environmental friendliness, this superhydrophobic coating has promising applications in the fields of construction, chemicals, transportation, and electronics.
In this work, we report that superhydrophobic coatings can be prepared by a simple spray-coating technique using readily available materials such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and hydrophilic and ...hydrophobic SiO2 nanoparticles. PDMS can combine with the two kinds of SiO2 nanoparticles to form a rough structure, which results in superhydrophobicity of the coatings. The prepared superhydrophobic coating has a water contact angle of 156.4° and a sliding angle of less than 5°. Moreover, the coatings can be applied to various substrates such as glass, paper, and plastic. In addition, the coatings show excellent stability and still remain superhydrophobic after ultraviolet radiation, sand abrasion and water impact, tape peeling, and treatment with a strong alkali/acid solution. Furthermore, the superhydrophobic surfaces are proven to be suitable for antifouling and self-cleaning.
Summary Background The value of adding cisplatin, fluorouracil, and docetaxel (TPF) induction chemotherapy to concurrent chemoradiotherapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma is ...unclear. We aimed to compare TPF induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy with concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in a suitably powered trial. Methods We did an open-label, phase 3, multicentre, randomised controlled trial at ten institutions in China. Patients with previously untreated, stage III–IVB (except T3-4N0) nasopharyngeal carcinoma, aged 18–59 years without severe comorbidities were enrolled. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone (three cycles of 100 mg/m2 cisplatin every 3 weeks, concurrently with intensity-modulated radiotherapy). Induction chemotherapy was three cycles of intravenous docetaxel (60 mg/m2 on day 1), intravenous cisplatin (60 mg/m2 on day 1), and continuous intravenous fluorouracil (600 mg/m2 per day from day 1 to day 5) every 3 weeks before concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Randomisation was by a computer-generated random number code with a block size of four, stratified by treatment centre and disease stage (III or IV). Treatment allocation was not masked. The primary endpoint was failure-free survival calculated from randomisation to locoregional failure, distant failure, or death from any cause; required sample size was 476 patients (238 per group). We did efficacy analyses in our intention-to-treat population. The follow-up is ongoing; in this report, we present the 3-year survival results and acute toxic effects. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT01245959. Findings Between March 1, 2011, and Aug 22, 2013, 241 patients were assigned to induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy and 239 to concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone. After a median follow-up of 45 months (IQR 38–49), 3-year failure-free survival was 80% (95% CI 75–85) in the induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy group and 72% (66–78) in the concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone group (hazard ratio 0·68, 95% CI 0·48–0·97; p=0·034). The most common grade 3 or 4 adverse events during treatment in the 239 patients in the induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy group versus the 238 patients in concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone group were neutropenia (101 42% vs 17 7%), leucopenia (98 41% vs 41 17%), and stomatitis (98 41% vs 84 35%). Interpretation Addition of TPF induction chemotherapy to concurrent chemoradiotherapy significantly improved failure-free survival in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma with acceptable toxicity. Long-term follow-up is required to determine long-term efficacy and toxicities. Funding Shenzhen Main Luck Pharmaceuticals Inc, Sun Yat-sen University Clinical Research 5010 Program (2007037), National Science and Technology Pillar Program during the Twelfth Five-year Plan Period (2014BAI09B10), Health & Medical Collaborative Innovation Project of Guangzhou City (201400000001), Planned Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province (2013B020400004), and The National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC0902000).
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•SCB–Ben/SA was creatively fabricated and systematically characterized.•In vitro cytotoxicity tests were conducted to evaluate the safety of SCB–Ben/SA.•SCB–Ben/SA adsorbed CV dye ...well and exhibited good regenerability.•PFO–PSO, FPMT, and MLA models described the adsorption mechanisms well.
A novel sugarcane bagasse–bentonite/sodium alginate (SCB–Ben/SA) composite aerogel was prepared as an effective green adsorbent via blending–cross-linking for the removal of crystal violet (CV) dye from aqueous solution. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of SCB–Ben/SA for CV was 839.9 mg/g at 0.8 mg/mL adsorbent dosage, temperature 303 K, pH 4, and 800 mg/L initial CV concentration, and presented a removal rate of 85%. Adsorption kinetics studied using the novel pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order (PFO–PSO) combined model showed that CV adsorption by SCB–Ben/SA was a complex process and did not include a single mechanism, but involved both chemical and physical adsorption reactions; however, chemisorption was the dominant kinetic mechanism. The dynamic characteristics of CV adsorption process achieved through the liquid film around SCB–Ben/SA and the pores inside SCB–Ben/SA was described satisfactorily and conveniently using the novel film–pore mass transfer (FPMT) model. A multilayer adsorption model was applied to further understand the CV adsorption behaviour of SCB–Ben/SA. The number of linked CV molecules per functional group varied from 0.53 to 0.63 for SCB–Ben/SA. The CV molecules were adsorbed on SCB–Ben/SA via mixed orientation. The adsorption isotherms and thermodynamics revealed that the multilayer adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. Overall, SCB–Ben/SA was found to be an efficient, low-cost, green, and recyclable adsorbent for organic dye removal.
Abstract The pulmonary vascular system plays a crucial role in maintaining normal physiological functions, and perturbations in this network often serve as indicators for various fatal diseases. ...Thus, accurate mapping and assessment of the intricate anatomical details of pulmonary vasculature is essential for the investigation of the underlying mechanism of these diseases. Yet it is considered a tough challenge as traditional imaging techniques offer limited representations of the vasculature network in the lung, while optical imaging methods face limitations from tissue depth. To overcome these obstacles, in this study, an AIENP‐reinforced DISCO method, for whole‐tissue 3D reconstruction of pulmonary capillaries is presented. Combining AIENPs, hydrogel‐enhanced scaffolds, and solvent‐based DISCO procedures, the method successfully visualizes the entire network of mouse pulmonary capillaries with a significantly shortened timeframe and cost. The whole process including labeling and clearing takes 6 days and it costs ≈ 5 USD to stain the lung vasculature of an adult mouse. Moreover, the study provides valuable insights for detecting pulmonary vascular abnormalities. This fast and cost‐effective technique opens new avenues for developing better fluorophores compatible with tissue optical clearing and offers insights for in‐depth research on pulmonary pathophysiology.
2D semiconductors allow for unique and ultrasensitive devices to be fabricated for applications ranging from clinical diagnosis instruments to low-energy light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Graphene has ...championed research in this field since it was first fabricated; however, its zero bandgap creates many challenges. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), e.g., MoS2, have a direct bandgap which alleviates the challenge of creating a bandgap in graphene-based devices. Water wettability of MoS2 is critical to device fabrication/performance and MoS2 has been believed to be hydrophobic. Herein, we report that water contact angle (WCA) of freshly exfoliated MoS2 shows temporal evolution with an intrinsic WCA of 69.0 ± 3.8° that increases to 89.0 ± 3.1° after 1 day exposure to ambient air. ATR-FTIR and ellipsometry show that the fresh, intrinsically mildly hydrophilic MoS2 surface adsorbs hydrocarbons from ambient air and thus becomes hydrophobic.
A novel tobacco rods-derived carbon (TC) has been prepared by hydrothermal carbonization and potassium hydroxide activation strategy for supercapacitors application. The physicochemical properties of ...TC are investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, Scanning electron microscopy, Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and four-probe tests. Results show TC derived from different tobacco rods possesses similar properties, such as amorphous state, high specific surface area, hierarchical porous structure, numerous heteroatom groups, and good electrical conductivity. The electrochemical characteristics of TC are examined via cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. In a three-electrode system, TC exhibits high capacitance with 286.6 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, excellent rate performance with 212.1 F g−1 even at 30 A g−1, and outstanding cyclic stability with 96% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 5 A g−1. Furthermore, TC supercapacitor devices can deliver an energy density of 31.3 Wh kg−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and power density of 11.8 kW kg−1 at 15 A g−1. Therefore, this novel concept of tobacco use, namely tobacco rods from cigarette (the harmful) to high-performance carbon for supercapacitors (the beneficial), is an extremely promising strategy for developing high-performance carbon from renewable sources, and supporting the tobacco control.
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•Tobacco rods (TR) from different producing places were used as precursors.•TR-derived carbon (TC) was prepared by hydrothermal carbonization and KOH activation.•TC possesses high SSA, hierarchical porous structure, and numerous heteroatom groups.•TC exhibits high capacitance, excellent rate performance, and long-term stability.•TR from cigarette to high-performance carbon is a novel concept of tobacco use.
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•Paeoniflorin is mainly metabolized in intestinal bacteria.•The low bioavailability of paeoniflorin can be improved by certain methods.•Paeoniflorin exerts anti-inflammatory effect ...through multiple mechanisms and targets.•Paeoniflorin has a low toxicity at effective concentration.
Increasing pharmacological evidence supports that paeoniflorin, a water-soluble monoterpene glycoside isolated from Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Shaoyao in Chinese), has a wide range of medicinal properties including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antithrombotic, anticonvulsive, analgesic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antidepressant-like, antitumoral, and immune-regulatory activities; as well as enhancing cognition and attenuating learning impairment. In addition to pharmacodynamic studies, information on pharmacokinetics is also significant for the further development and utilization of paeoniflorin. The present review focuses on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of paeoniflorin, especially main pharmacological activities of paeoniflorin on inflammation and immune function. According to the findings obtained both in vitro and in vivo, a broad application prospect has been opened for paeoniflorin. However, further studies are needed to clarity the direct molecular mechanisms and key targets underlying the beneficial effects of paeoniflorin on inflammation and immunity.
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