Saline-alkaline stress is one of the major damages that severely affects rice (
L.) growth and grain yield; however, the mechanism of the tolerance remains largely unknown in rice. Herein, we ...comparatively investigated the transcriptome and metabolome of two contrasting rice subspecies genotypes, Luohui 9 (abbreviation for Chao2R under study,
ssp.
, saline-alkaline-sensitive) and RPY geng (
ssp.
, saline-alkaline-tolerant), to identify the main pathways and important factors related to saline-alkaline tolerance. Transcriptome analysis showed that 68 genes involved in fatty acid, amino acid (such as phenylalanine and tryptophan), phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, energy metabolism (such as Glycolysis and TCA cycle), as well as signal transduction (such as hormone and MAPK signaling) were identified to be specifically upregulated in RPY geng under saline-alkaline conditions, implying that a series of cascade changes from these genes promotes saline-alkaline stress tolerance. The transcriptome changes observed in RPY geng were in high accordance with the specifically accumulation of metabolites, consisting mainly of 14 phenolic acids, 8 alkaloids, and 19 lipids based on the combination analysis of transcriptome and metabolome. Moreover, some genes involved in signal transduction as hub genes, such as
,
,
, and
, may participate in the saline-alkaline stress response of RPY geng by modulating key genes involved in fatty acid, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycolysis metabolic pathways based on the gene co-expression network analysis. The present research results not only provide important insights for understanding the mechanism underlying of rice saline-alkaline tolerance at the transcriptome and metabolome levels but also provide key candidate target genes for further enhancing rice saline-alkaline stress tolerance.
Rice (
L.) is one of the most important staple food crops worldwide, while its growth and productivity are threatened by various abiotic stresses, especially salt stress. Unraveling how rice adapts ...to salt stress at the transcription level is vital. It can provide valuable information on enhancing the salt stress tolerance performance of rice via genetic engineering technologies. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of different rice genotypes at the seedling stage based on 96 public microarray datasets, aiming to identify the key salt-responsive genes and understand the molecular response mechanism of rice under salt stress. In total, 5559 genes were identified to be differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under salt stress, and 3210 DEGs were identified during the recovery process. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment results revealed that the salt-response mechanisms of shoots and roots were different. A close-knit signaling network, consisting of the Ca
signal transduction pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, multiple hormone signals, transcription factors (TFs), transcriptional regulators (TRs), protein kinases (PKs), and other crucial functional proteins, plays an essential role in rice salt stress response. In this study, many unreported salt-responsive genes were found. Besides this, MapMan results suggested that TNG67 can shift to the fermentation pathway to produce energy under salt stress and may enhance the Calvin cycle to repair a damaged photosystem during the recovery stage. Taken together, these findings provide novel insights into the salt stress molecular response and introduce numerous candidate genes for rice salt stress tolerance breeding.
Glycoside Hydrolase 3 (
), a member of the Auxin-responsive gene family, is involved in plant growth, the plant developmental process, and various stress responses. The
gene family has been ...well-studied in
and
. However, the evolution of the
gene family in
species remains unknown and the function of the
gene family in
is not well-documented. Here, a systematic analysis was performed in six
species/subspecies, including four wild rice species and two cultivated rice subspecies. A total of 13, 13, 13, 13, 12, and 12 members were identified in
ssp.
,
ssp.
,
,
,
, and
, respectively. Gene duplication events, structural features, conserved motifs, a phylogenetic analysis, chromosome locations, and Ka/Ks ratios of this important family were found to be strictly conservative across these six
species/subspecies, suggesting that the expansion of the
gene family in
species might be attributed to duplication events, and this expansion could occur in the common ancestor of
species, even in common ancestor of rice tribe (
) (23.07~31.01 Mya). The RNA-seq results of different tissues displayed that
genes had significantly different expression profiles. Remarkably, the qRT-PCR result after NaCl treatment indicated that the majority of
genes play important roles in salinity stress, especially
and
. This study provides important insights into the evolution of the
gene family in
species and will assist with further investigation of
genes' functions under salinity stress.
Plant cell walls play a fundamental role in several ways, providing structural support for cells, resistance against pathogens and facilitating the communication between cells. The ...glycosyltransferase family 8 (GT8) is involved in the formation of the plant cell wall. However, the evolutionary relationship and the functional differentiation of this important gene family remain obscure in Gramineae crop genomes. In the present investigation, we identified 269 GT8 genes in the seven Gramineae representative crop genomes, namely, 33 in
, 37 in
, 40 in
ssp.
, 41 in
, 36 in
, 37 in
, and 45 in
. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that all identified GT8 proteins belonged to seven subfamilies: galacturonosyltransferase (GAUT), galacturonosyltransferase-like (GATL), GATL-related (GATR), galactinol synthase (GolS), and plant glycogenin-like starch initiation proteins A (PGSIP-A), PGSIP-B, and PGSIP-C. We estimated that the GAUT subfamily might be further divided into four subgroups (I-IV) due to differentiation of gene structures and expression patterns. Our orthogroup analysis identified 22 orthogroups with different sizes. Of these orthogroups, several orthogroups were lost in some species, such as
and
. Moreover, lots of duplicate pairs and collinear pairs were discovered among these species. These results indicated that multiple duplication modes led to the expansion of this important gene family and unequal loss of orthogroups and subfamilies might have happened during the evolutionary process. RNA-seq, microarray analysis, and qRT-PCR analyses indicated that GT8 genes are critical for plant growth and development, and for stresses responses. We found that
was significantly up-regulated under salt stress, while
,
, and
had remarkable up-regulation under cold stress. The current study highlighted the expansion and evolutionary patterns of the GT8 gene family in these seven Gramineae crop genomes and provided potential candidate genes for future salt- and cold- resistant molecular breeding studies in
.
In pharmaceutical nanotechnology, the intentional manipulation of working processes to fabricate nanoproducts with suitable properties for achieving the desired functional performances is highly ...sought after. The following paper aims to detail how a modified coaxial electrospraying has been developed to create ibuprofen-loaded hydroxypropyl methylcellulose nanoparticles for improving the drug dissolution rate. During the working processes, a key parameter, i.e., the spreading angle of atomization region (
, °), could provide a linkage among the working process, the property of generated nanoparticles and their functional performance. Compared with the applied voltage (
, kV;
= 2713 - 82
with
= 0.9623),
could provide a better correlation with the diameter of resultant nanoparticles (
, nm;
= 1096 - 5
with
= 0.9905), suggesting a usefulness of accurately predicting the nanoparticle diameter. The drug released from the electrosprayed nanoparticles involved both erosion and diffusion mechanisms. A univariate quadratic equation between the time of releasing 95% of the loaded drug (
, min) and
(
= 38.7 + 0.097
- 4.838 × 10
with a
value of 0.9976) suggests that the nanoparticle diameter has a profound influence on the drug release performance. The clear process-property-performance relationship should be useful for optimizing the electrospraying process, and in turn for achieving the desired medicated nanoparticles.
The oxidation of veratryl alcohol can produce veratryl aldehyde or veratryl acid, which are industrially important chemicals widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Gold nanoparticles ...(AuNPs) functionalized with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have shown high activity and selectivity as a catalyst for veratryl alcohol oxidation. However, the AuNP/GQD catalyst has excellent dispersibility in aqueous solutions, which makes it difficult to recycle all the catalyst after reaction. In this work, AuNP/GQD catalysts were further immobilized onto a silicon dioxide support by different methods, including physical adsorption, one-pot synthesis, and hydrothermal synthesis to produce AuNP/GQD/SiO2 composites. Extensive characterization of the microstructure, crystallinity, chemical structure, and catalytic performance of the catalysts was performed to evaluate the processing methods. It was demonstrated that the obtained composites are suitable heterogeneous catalysts for the oxidation of veratryl alcohol.
•GQD functionalized AuNPs are immobilized on SiO2 supports by physical adsorption, one-pot, and hydrothermal synthesis.•The obtained AuNP/GQD/SiO2 composites can be used as heterogeneous catalysts for the oxidation of veratryl alcohol.•Some of these composites have comparable activity and better recyclability than bare AuNP/GQD.
Saline–alkaline stress is one of the major damages that severely affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and grain yield; however, the mechanism of the tolerance remains largely unknown in rice. ...Herein, we comparatively investigated the transcriptome and metabolome of two contrasting rice subspecies genotypes, Luohui 9 (abbreviation for Chao2R under study, O. sativa ssp. indica, saline–alkaline-sensitive) and RPY geng (O. sativa ssp. japonica, saline–alkaline-tolerant), to identify the main pathways and important factors related to saline–alkaline tolerance. Transcriptome analysis showed that 68 genes involved in fatty acid, amino acid (such as phenylalanine and tryptophan), phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, energy metabolism (such as Glycolysis and TCA cycle), as well as signal transduction (such as hormone and MAPK signaling) were identified to be specifically upregulated in RPY geng under saline–alkaline conditions, implying that a series of cascade changes from these genes promotes saline–alkaline stress tolerance. The transcriptome changes observed in RPY geng were in high accordance with the specifically accumulation of metabolites, consisting mainly of 14 phenolic acids, 8 alkaloids, and 19 lipids based on the combination analysis of transcriptome and metabolome. Moreover, some genes involved in signal transduction as hub genes, such as PR5, FLS2, BRI1, and NAC, may participate in the saline–alkaline stress response of RPY geng by modulating key genes involved in fatty acid, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycolysis metabolic pathways based on the gene co-expression network analysis. The present research results not only provide important insights for understanding the mechanism underlying of rice saline–alkaline tolerance at the transcriptome and metabolome levels but also provide key candidate target genes for further enhancing rice saline–alkaline stress tolerance.
Hydrogenation and hydrodeoxygenation are significant and distinct approaches for the conversion of biomass and biomass-derived oxygenated chemicals into high value-added chemicals and fuels. However, ...it remains a great challenge to synthesize catalysts that simultaneously possess excellent hydrogenation and hydrodeoxygenation performance. Herein, we report a catalyst made of isolated single-atom Ru supported on mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (Ru1/mpg-C3N4), fabricated by a wet impregnation method. The as-prepared Ru1/mpg-C3N4 catalyst shows excellent hydrogenation and hydrodeoxygenation performance. First-principles calculations reveal that the Ru atom is mobilized, and the active site is induced by adsorption of the reactants. A systematic reaction mechanism is proposed, suggesting that vanillyl alcohol is the deoxygenation prohibited product, while 2-methoxy-p-cresol is the deoxygenation allowed product. Thus, the excellent selectivity for the hydrogenation or hydrodeoxygenation of vanillin at different temperatures results from switching between the two types of products.
To allow mobile robots to visually observe the temperature of equipment in complex industrial environments and work on temperature anomalies in time, it is necessary to accurately find the ...coordinates of temperature anomalies and obtain information on the surrounding obstacles. This paper proposes a visual saliency detection method for hypertemperature in three-dimensional space through dual-source images. The key novelty of this method is that it can achieve accurate salient object detection without relying on high-performance hardware equipment. First, the redundant point clouds are removed through adaptive sampling to reduce the computational memory. Second, the original images are merged with infrared images and the dense point clouds are surface-mapped to visually display the temperature of the reconstructed surface and use infrared imaging characteristics to detect the plane coordinates of temperature anomalies. Finally, transformation mapping is coordinated according to the pose relationship to obtain the spatial position. Experimental results show that this method not only displays the temperature of the device directly but also accurately obtains the spatial coordinates of the heat source without relying on a high-performance computing platform.
Biological age (BA) has been proposed to evaluate the aging status instead of chronological age (CA). Our study shows evidence that there might be multiple “clocks” within the whole-body system: ...systemic aging drivers/clocks overlaid with organ/tissue-specific counterparts. We utilize multi-omics data, including clinical tests, immune repertoire, targeted metabolomic molecules, gut microbiomes, physical fitness examinations, and facial skin examinations, to estimate the BA of different organs (e.g., liver, kidney) and systems (immune and metabolic system). The aging rates of organs/systems are diverse. People’s aging patterns are different. We also demonstrate several applications of organs/systems BA in two independent datasets. Mortality predictions are compared among organs' BA in the dataset of the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Polygenic risk score of BAs constructed in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey cohort can predict the possibility of becoming centenarian.
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•Constructing biological ages of organs/systems using multi-omics features•Organs and systems are aging at different rates•Specific biological age could predict disease of corresponding organs•Biological ages of organs and systems have diverse genetic architectures
Nie et al. estimate biological ages of organs and systems using 402 multi-omics features from 4,066 individuals and demonstrate several applications. They find that organs and systems are aging at different rates, and biological ages could be utilized for population stratification, mortality prediction, and phenotypes of genetic association studies.
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