Nanotechnology is one of the most promising technologies of the 21st century, and it is now presenting an enormous impact on target drug delivery. In this context, the recent use of natural ...vesicle‐like nanoparticles such as extracellular vesicles (i.e., exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies) and virus‐like particles is rendering encouraging results mostly because these delivery systems present cargo versatility, favorable body circulating advantages, biocompatibility, immunogenicity, and the capacity to be modified superficially to increase their affinity to a certain target or to control their entrance to the cell. However, some of the biggest challenges toward their clinical implementation are poorly standardized processing operations due to their inherent heterogeneity and expensive, long‐lasting, and difficult to scale isolation procedures that can also affect the stability of the particles. Under these circumstances, chromatographic procedures represent an attractive and favorable alternative to overcome their downstream processing. Moreover, even when standardized chromatographic purification protocols are still in development, great achievements have been made using size exclusion, ionic exchange, hydrophobic interaction, and affinity protocols, mostly because of the correct harnessing of the nanovesicle membrane properties. In this sense, this review focuses on presenting the current understanding on the most promising therapeutic biological nanoparticles and the chromatographic isolation approaches employed in their recovery, providing at the same time recent findings and a general overview of the aspects that might impact the outcome of chromatographic techniques for this application.
A novel compact device with spectrum analyzer characteristics has been designed, which allows the measuring of the maximum power received in multiple narrow frequency bands of 300 kHz, recording the ...entire spectrum from 78 MHz to 6 GHz; the device is capable of measuring the entire communications spectrum and detecting multiple sources of electromagnetic fields using the same communications band. The proposed device permits the evaluation of the cross-talk effect that, in conventional exposimeters, generates a mistake estimation of electromagnetic fields. The device was calibrated in an anechoic chamber for far-fields and was validated against a portable spectrum analyzer in a residential area. A strong correlation between the two devices with a confidence higher than 95% was obtained; indicating that the device could be considered as an important tool for electromagnetic field studies.
El propósito de este artículo es examinar algunos de los repentinos cambios registrados en el léxico español europeo en tiempos recientes, especialmente durante la pandemia del coronavirus. Debido a ...las fuertes vivencias durante el periodo del confinamiento, los procesos lingüísticos tienen un carácter emocional y un tinte político muy marcados, y responden a motivaciones semánticas y morfológicas. Por un lado, sobresalen recursos habituales en la retórica política como son el eufemismo y sobre todo el disfemismo, que por vía metafórica propende a la ironía y el humor. Por el lado de la morfología, y encaminados a ese mismo fin, destacan los “cruces léxicos”, y las distorsiones y creaciones léxicas a partir de siglas.
In a 6-week feeding trial with juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus (mean initial weight of 2.3±0.1g), a control diet was formulated to contain 40% crude protein, with equal contributions from ...fishmeal (FM) and soy protein concentrate (SPC) as the protein sources, and 10% crude fat, using fish oil (FO) as the main lipid source. Then, in five experimental diets, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% of FM, SPC, and FO in the control diet was replaced by combinations of meals from the freshwater autotroph Arthrospira sp. and the heterotroph thraustochytrid Schizochytrium limacinum. In a sixth diet, FO was completely replaced by S. limacinum meal. Growth, feed utilization, and the majority of the body condition indices evaluated in fish fed the microalgae meals were not significantly (P>0.05) different from that of fish receiving the control diet. While slight changes were observed in the proximate composition of whole fish after receiving the test diets, increased proportions of 22:6n−3 and 16:0, alongside decreases of 18:1n−9, 18:1n−5, and 18:2n−6 were observed in whole body, muscle tissue and liver of fish, which mirrored the diet composition. Overall, results of the present study indicate that up to 50% of dietary FM, SPC, and FO can be replaced by Arthrospira sp. and S. limacinum meals without compromising fish performance. In addition, S. limacinum meal can be used as the chief source of lipid for this species. In terms of absolute inclusion levels of the microalgae meals, the diet with the highest level of FM-FO replacement (50%) contained 28.87% Arthrospira sp. and 6.72% S. limacinum meals (35.59% altogether). While this is already a considerable level of incorporation of algal meals in diets for a carnivorous fish, there seems to be scope for further FM-FO replacement in the diet of red drum.
•Up to 50% of fishmeal and fish oil of a control diet can be replaced by algal meals in the diet of Sciaenops ocellatus.•Schizochytrium limacinum meal can be used as the chief source of dietary lipid for this species.•These results advance the use of sustainable alternative protein and lipid feedstuffs for marine carnivorous fish diets.•Also, they help minimize environmental impacts of the use of fishmeal and fish oil, the global supply of which is dwindling, although demand and price are increasing.•There seems to be scope for further fishmeal and fish oil replacement in the diet of S. ocellatus.
El objeto de este artículo es doble: por un lado, dar cuenta del enorme y creciente número de formaciones derivadas a partir de anglicismos que tienen lugar en el español europeo actual; por otro, ...examinar los distintos patrones derivacionales encontrados, así como las variaciones morfofonológicas, morfológicas y semánticas que conllevan. El artículo aborda, además, el tratamiento lexicográfico seguido en los diccionarios a la hora de dar entrada a este tipo de neologismos. Los datos para este estudio se han tomado principalmente de la prensa diaria de los últimos años y en su mayoría forman parte de los recopilados en el Gran diccionario de anglicismos (2017) y en el reciente Diccionario de anglicismos del deporte (2021).
Industry 4.0 is in continuous technological growth that benefits all sectors of industry and society in general. This article reviews the Digital Twin (DT) concept and the interest of its application ...in photovoltaic installations. It compares how other authors use the DT approach in photovoltaic installations to improve the efficiency of the renewable energy generated and consumed, energy prediction and the reduction of the operation and maintenance costs of the photovoltaic installation. It reviews how, by providing real-time data and analysis, DTs enable more informed decision-making in the solar energy sector. The objectives of the review are to study digital twin technology and to analyse its application and implementation in PV systems.
Fishes belonging to the family Pomacentridae (clownfishes and damselfishes) dominate the marine ornamental fish trade. However, only 1.0–4.2% of marine ornamental species traded in the US are ...reproduced in captivity, while the vast majority are wild-caught, an environmentally damaging practice. Reproduction in captivity undoubtedly is an adequate strategy for moving in the direction of sustainability. Among ornamental marine fish species, the most spectacular advances in captive breeding have been made for clownfishes. Twenty-five species of clownfishes have been captive-bred for commercial purposes. Furthermore, numerous clownfish varieties or color morphs have been developed through selective breeding and hybridization between species has been achieved. Of at least thirty-nine damselfish species that have been reproduced in captivity, only nine are currently commercially available. This is related to the small size of eggs and to the underdeveloped state of altricial damselfish larvae. In addition, long larval periods (up to 50 dph) and low survival rates (typically less than 10%) create barriers to the success in commercial aquaculture of damselfishes. Improvements in the low survival of damselfish larvae can be expected as zootechnical aspects for larviculture are perfected (especially improved nutrition).
The structural design of fixed offshore platforms is mainly based on characterizing inertial and drag loads due to waves, currents, and wind. These structures incorporate sacrificial anodes as ...corrosion protection systems. The sacrificial anodes increase the exposed area of the tubular elements of the jacket. Therefore, designers need to determine hydrodynamic coefficients for tubular elements with anodes to calculate the load increment due the anodes. This work focuses on evaluating the effects of anodes on the drag coefficients for tubular elements, considering current velocities from 0.25 m/s to 2 m/s, in 0.25 m/s increments, tubular element diameters from 0.508 m to 3.048 m, in 0.508 m increments, and three different positions of the anode, back (P1), front (P2), and lateral (P3) to the tubular element, concerning the direction of the current. This work uses CFD analysis, considering RANS and the k-ω model. The results show that the drag coefficient can be calculated as a function of the tubular element's diameter and the anode's position. Correlations were obtained for calculating an equivalent drag coefficient or an equivalent hydrodynamic diameter for any position of the anode as a function of a diameter ratio and the angle of its position in the tubular element concerning the flow direction.
•Drag coefficients were calculated for tubular elements with sacrificial anodes.•CFD analysis, RANS and k-ω model to obtain drag coefficients.•Drag coefficient increases considerably with the use of sacrificial anodes.•Correlations to evaluate the equivalent drag coefficients.•Correlations to evaluate an equivalent hydrodynamic diameter.
The transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol, using immobilized lipase enzymes as catalysts, was studied. The process was carried out in a semi-continuous mode. Temperature (30–50 °C), ...methanol flow (0.024–0.04 ml/min), kind of enzyme (Lipozyme 62350, Lipozyme TL-IM, Novozym 435 and Pseudomonas cepacia Sol–Gel-AK) and enzyme concentrations (1.25–10% by weight) were the operating variables. The final product was characterized by the EN 14214 standard. All the parameters, except for cold filter plugging point, were similar to a diesel fuel. For low methanol flows, reaction rate was proportional to methanol concentration. High flows caused catalyst deactivation. Novozyme 435, Lipozyme TL-IM and Lipozyme 62350 showed similar maximum reaction rates, but Novozyme 435 was more resistant to deactivation. Pseudomonas cepacia hardly obtained 1% conversion. The catalyst concentration, up to 2.5%, had a positive effect on the reaction rate and conversion. The optimum temperature was 40 °C. The initial reaction rate was in line with the Arrhenius law, up to 50 °C. By differential and integral methods, the Michaelis–Menten, competitive inhibition and ping-pong bi–bi kinetic parameters were determined. The transesterification of sunflower oil in a semi-continuous regime of alcohol improved the results, compared to the discontinuous regime, and those were similar to the obtained ones in a discontinuous regime with step-by-step methanol addition. The lipase that showed the best yield and higher resistance to deactivation was Novozym 435. The kinetic models that forecast the deactivation of lipases by an inhibitor described the experimental behavior properly.
PDF
