Nanomaterials are frontier technological products used in different manufactured goods. Because of their unique physicochemical, electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties, single-walled carbon ...nanotubes (SWCNT) are finding numerous applications in electronics, aerospace devices, computers, and chemical, polymer, and pharmaceutical industries. SWCNT are relatively recently discovered members of the carbon allotropes that are similar in structure to fullerenes and graphite. Previously, we (47) have reported that pharyngeal aspiration of purified SWCNT by C57BL/6 mice caused dose-dependent granulomatous pneumonia, oxidative stress, acute inflammatory/cytokine responses, fibrosis, and decrease in pulmonary function. To avoid potential artifactual effects due to instillation/agglomeration associated with SWCNT, we conducted inhalation exposures using stable and uniform SWCNT dispersions obtained by a newly developed aerosolization technique (2). The inhalation of nonpurified SWCNT (iron content of 17.7% by weight) at 5 mg/m(3), 5 h/day for 4 days was compared with pharyngeal aspiration of varying doses (5-20 microg per mouse) of the same SWCNT. The chain of pathological events in both exposure routes was realized through synergized interactions of early inflammatory response and oxidative stress culminating in the development of multifocal granulomatous pneumonia and interstitial fibrosis. SWCNT inhalation was more effective than aspiration in causing inflammatory response, oxidative stress, collagen deposition, and fibrosis as well as mutations of K-ras gene locus in the lung of C57BL/6 mice.
When breeding dairy cattle, both heterogeneous and homogeneous selection is used. Assessment of the influence of the degree of inbreeding on the productive quality and duration of the productive ...longevity of cows. It was found that despite a slight increase in milk yield in inbred animals (by 93 - 378 kg depending on the degree of inbreeding and by 73 kg on average for the group of inbred animals), a decrease in the qualitative indicators of milk, the mass fraction of fat and the mass fraction of protein and a significant increase in live weight of cows (P≤0.05) obtained using inbreeding. There is a superiority of herd cows over the requirements of the standard for black and white breed by 2500 - 2947 kg in groups (on average by 2624 kg) in milk yield and by 0.31% in the mass fraction of fat in milk; for Holstein breed these results are slightly lower and amount to 1500-1924 kg (an average of 1624 kg) for milk yield. The greatest amount of milk and nutrients was obtained from inbred cows with moderate levels of inbreeding and outbred animals, due to an increase in the duration of productive use. With the age of the cows, their milk production practically does not change, remaining at a fairly high level. The use of closely related crossbreeding with a simultaneous increase in the blood level in the Holstein breed leads to a slight increase in milk yield and the duration of productive longevity by 0.2-0.4 lactation. In lifetime productivity, inbred cows with a moderate degree of inbreeding remain superior. Outbred animals are at second place.
The use of inbreeding in dairy cattle breeding Gorelik, O V; Likhodeevskaya, E; Zezin, N N ...
IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science,
08/2020, Letnik:
548, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In cattle breeding during breeding season, great importance is attached to the selection of male and female pairs. The purpose of the work is to assess the effect of inbreeding on the milk production ...of cows of different genotypes. It was found that the main number of animals in the herd was obtained using remote inbreeding, which is 83.8%. The use of related mating led to a decrease in the age of the first calving by 0.3 months, a lactation period by 0.4, and a slight increase in milk yield by 78 kg with a decrease in the mass fraction of fat by 0.01% and protein by 0.02%, relative to outbred cows. A significant change in the productive longevity of animals obtained by outbred breeding and the use of a moderate level of inbreeding (P≤0.05) was noted. The effect of blood on Holstein breed on the productive qualities of cows was also established. An increase in blood level to 75-91% led to an increase in milk yield and qualitative indicators of productivity. Thus, the average milk yield in the group increased by 566 kg or 9.4%, while increasing the mass fraction of fat by 0.04% and protein by 0.04%. The best indicators of productivity within the genotype groups were established with a remote level of inbreeding and a genotype of Holstein breed 91-97% blood. In the future, when developing a breeding plan, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the best quality indicators of productivity, namely the mass fraction of fat and the mass fraction of protein are higher in cows with a genotype from 76 to 91% and a moderate level of inbreeding - 3.97% and 3.08%.
The parent flock is updated by the introduction of the hatching egg or day-old chicks from the producing country. Renewal of the parent flock through the delivery of daily chickens reduces the stress ...resistance of this category of bird, which has a negative role in the morphophysiological status and growth of chickens. In the blood of two linear chickens (group I), the number of red blood cells was 3.25± 0.06 1012/l, hemoglobin 67.61 ± 2.49 g/l; Group II, the number of red blood cells in the peripheral blood was 3.80 ± 0.06 1012/l, hemoglobin 83.91±1.86 g/l. The red blood cells and erythropoiesis organs in the body of chickens obtained at the poultry farm (group II) were highly reactive, which allowed the body to quickly compensate for the lack of oxygen and metabolic substrates, and thereby restore the state of homeostasis. In chickens imported from Germany, the reactivity of the blood-forming organs was reduced, which was a consequence not so much of the linearity of the cross, but of the presence of transportation at the age of 1 day. Four linear chickens for the repair of an industrial herd grew better and more intensively. On day 40 they had a live weight of 85 g or 19.4% more than two-line chickens subjected to transport stress in the first days of life. Therefore, they reliably exceeded their peers from the first series in the indicator and other growth indicators (p≤0.01). The safety indicator in the first 5 days was higher in the group of four-line hybrids (repair young stock of the industrial herd) by 19.7%. Chickens from Germany had a low safety rate of only 66.7.
Abstract
The article assumes that in the Sverdlovsk region, breeding bulls of the Holstein breed with high efficiency according to their maternal ancestors were used on the breeding stock of the ...black-mottled breed of the Ural spawn. Animals of this type are of high efficiency. The efficiency evaluation of Ural type cows is urgent. The aim of the work is to evaluate the efficiency of the new genotype cows in terms of their milk yield qualities. It has been found that dairy cows show high milk yields. In accordance with physiological laws, they increase until the fourth lactation, and then gradually go down. The first insemination of replacement heifers on the farm is carried out at the age of 18-19 months with a live weight of over 400 kg. This makes it possible to breed healthy strong animals capable of breeding for a long time and having high milk yield. The maximum milk yield is from 21 kg to 1986 kg (from 0.2% to 35.3%); it is more than the actual one. The farm has reserves for increasing milk yield due to measures for the milk efficiency of the first-year heifers and other cows. It will significantly increase the milk yield in the third and further lactation. The authors calculated the life-long milk yield. It turned out that in fact, 84,450 kg of milk can be obtained from a dairy cow during 10 lactations. The efficiency potential of lifetime productivity, based on the maximum milk yield per lactation, was 7077 kg or 8.4% higher. The predicted potential shows that 104 101 kg of milk can be obtained from a dairy cow during 11 lactations. The efficiency fluctuations by lactation are significant; and from the first to the 5th lactation they exceed 150% of the minimum milk yield of dairy cows to the maximum in the same lactation. So, it is possible to make a conclusion about the great changeability of this feature in the herd and the great possibilities of selection at carrying out selection and breeding work on the farm.
The Ural type of the domestic black-and-white breed is distinguished by high productivity indicators, good suitability for use in the conditions of industrial milk technology. To obtain modern dairy ...cattle, related breeds were used in the herds, a significant number of animals obtained as a result of closely related breeding were revealed. the study of the influence of the degree of inbreeding on the growth and development of repair young is relevant and has practical significance. It was found that the live weight of heifers in all accounting periods practically did not differ, that is, it can be said that the method of obtaining heifers using unrelated or related selection did not affect the dynamics of live weight during their cultivation. The average daily gains in live weight differed slightly by growth periods and by groups. So they were higher in the periods from the first to the first fruitful insemination and from 10 to 12 months, lower gains were noted in the period from the moment of fruitful insemination to 18 months of age. The highest milk yield for lactation was obtained from the first heifers with a remote degree of inbreeding.
Holstein is one of the most widespread dairy breeds in the world. In Russia, the most popular is black-motley breed, which has been improved over the past four decades through crossbreeding with the ...best world Holstein breed. The study aimed to investigate the productive traits of young replacement cows and cows of different years of birth of Holsteinized black-motley cattle of the Ural type. An increased intensity of rearing of young replacement animals was found to reduce the age of first fruitful insemination, to increase productivity, namely milk yield per lactation, and to reduce the length of the productive life of cows. Intensive rearing of young replacement animals has reduced the age of fruitful insemination by 5.7 months over seven years, particularly in the last 2 years, relative to the indicators observed in 2012. With age, the cow productivity changes insignificantly and remains at sufficiently high level. The study revealed that the genetic potential of the parents and intensive rearing of young replacement animals provide a steady increase in milk production of first-calf heifers. However, productivity of cows in subsequent lactations either remains stable or decreases. Productivity of cows increases in second (2013-2015) and third (2012) lactations and then starts to decline. With age, the length of the lactation service period reduces by 5.2-34.9 days, which is primarily due to synchronization of reproductive cycles with an economically viable waiting period implemented on commercial farms. Reproductive cycle synchronization has been implemented in the region since 2015, which immediately reduced the length of the cow service period.
Abstract
Combined food products provide the human body with all the necessary nutrients in a balanced amount. The paper presents a technique for modeling the formulation of semi-finished products ...from cottage cheese using the Excel program. The main components of semi-finished products are: cottage cheese of 5% fat content, flour from unsteamed buckwheat, egg melange. The goal of modeling was to obtain the optimal ratio of the components of the formulation, which meets the established requirements for indicators of nutritional value, as well as the recommended intake of vitamins and minerals for the adult population. The goal function has selected the cost of the product for which the condition for obtaining the minimum value is set. As a result of the search for a solution, the program proposed several options for formulations, of which the most acceptable was selected. Thus, we can conclude that it is advisable to apply mathematical modeling methods to obtain a combined product with specified nutritional value indicators.
Abstract
In Sverdlovsk region Holstenized black-and-white cattle of the Ural type are used for milk production. Animals of this type feature high productivity indices, however, the breeding stock ...encountered decrease in the productive longevity. The first-calves showed an increase in milk yield per lactation, along with an increase in their live weight up to 624 kg. The difference in milk yield was significant in favor of cows with a live weight of 600-624 kg. in comparison with the groups of cows with a live weight below 575 kg at P≤0.05-P≤0.01. Among the cows of the third lactation the highest milk yield was obtained from the cows with the highest live weight - 625 kg and more - 10122 ± 118.59 kg. All animals feature an excess over the optimal duration of service period by 19-83 days, i.e. by 23.8-103.8%. The average duration of the lactation period for first-calves is 140 ± 4.69 days, for the full-aged cows - 149 ± 3.98 days. The coefficient of reproductive capacity is 0.85 on average. The positive relationship between milk yield per lactation period and the duration of the service period is confirmed. No general pattern for correlation of live weight and duration of service period.
Genetic potential of livestock can be revealed through organization of scientifically based feeding. Energy components of the ration, concentrates, are of special relevance. In recent years, ...triticale cereal crop has often been used as a concentrate for feeding cows. Triticale grain is virtually not used for feeding dairy cows, but its use in a mixture with other concentrates is of potential interest. The paper presents the results of the impact of triticale grain when it is introduced into a mixture of concentrates for feeding dairy cows in an amount of 2.7-3.7 kg on their milk production and physiological state. It was found that introduction of triticale grain into the diet of dairy cows did not have a significant effect on the physiological state of the experimental farm animals. In all experimental groups, the calcium content decreased, and in groups 1 and 2, the content of phosphorus decreased and that of triglycerides grew, which had a positive effect on fat synthesis increase. In the experimental groups, where triticale grain was used as concentrates, the amount of milk yield per lactation increased, and its quality characteristics improved. The cows from the experimental groups significantly surpassed their peers from the control group in milk yield per lactation by 21.3-37.3% at P≤0.01 and P≤0.001, respectively. The milk quality indicators were found to be better that increased amount of milk fat and milk protein. Despite the difference in milk yield, all cows were dairy animals and showed high milk yield rates ranging from 1,225 to 1,654.
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