A comprehensive grammar of Manchu, the official language in China during the Qing dynasty. Taking also into account the scholarship on the subject from both China and Russia, the volume covers the ...Manchu writing system, morphology and phrenology. Sibe is also dealt with.
We aimed to explore the associations between common genetic risk variants with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk in Russian women and to assess their utility in the identification of GDM ...cases.
We conducted a case-control study including 1,142 pregnant women (688 GDM cases and 454 controls) enrolled at Almazov National Medical Research Centre. The International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria were used to diagnose GDM. A total of 11 single- nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including those in
(rs10762264),
(rs1799884),
(rs10830963 and rs1387153),
(rs7903146 and rs12255372),
(rs5219),
(rs4402960),
(rs1801278),
(rs9939609), and
(rs7754840) were genotyped using Taqman assays. A logistic regression model was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and their confidence intervals (CIs). A simple-count genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated using 6 SNPs. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (c-statistic) was calculated for the logistic regression model predicting the risk of GDM using clinical covariates, SNPs that had shown a significant association with GDM in our study, GRS, and their combinations.
Two variants in
(rs1387153 and rs10830963) demonstrated a significant association with an increased risk of GDM. The association remained significant after adjustment for age, pre-gestational BMI, arterial hypertension, GDM in history, impaired glucose tolerance, polycystic ovary syndrome, family history of diabetes, and parity (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). After being conditioned by each other, the effect of rs1387153 on GDM predisposition weakened while the effect of rs10830963 remained significant (P = 0.004). The risk of GDM was predicted by clinical variables (c-statistic 0.712, 95 % CI: 0.675 - 0.749), and the accuracy of prediction was modestly improved by adding GRS to the model (0.719, 95 % CI 0.682 - 0.755), and more by adding only rs10830963 (0.729, 95 % CI 0.693 - 0.764).
Among 11 SNPs associated with T2D and/or GDM in other populations, we confirmed significant association with GDM for two variants in
in Russian women. However, these variants showed limited value in the identification of GDM cases.
The current rate of discovery of new boron minerals (65 species or potential species described from 2008 to 2017) is higher than at any prior 10 year period, implying that rates of B mineral ...discovery could increase further with no obvious limit to boron mineral diversity in Earth's crust. In contrast, large number of rare events (LNRE) models calculated from the 295 species of B minerals discovered through 2017 give a total predicted B mineral endowment in Earth's crust of 459 ± 65.5 and 523 species, using a finite Zipf-Mandelbrot (fZM) model and Sichel's generalized inverse Gauss-Poisson model (GIGP), respectively, i.e., there is a very real predicted limit of no more than ∼500 species. As cautioned by Hazen, Hystad, and their co-authors, LNRE modeling presumes no changes in how minerals are discovered from the beginning of mineral discoveries in the late 18th century to early 2017. However this condition is clearly not the case, and thus changes could explain the discrepant indications. The most important changes are (1) the advent of the electron microprobe, which became widely used for chemical analysis of B minerals in 1978; (2) technological advances in single-crystal X-ray diffractrometry, (3) technological advances in electron microscopy including advent of electron backscattered diffraction; (4) advent of micro-Raman spectroscopy; and (5) changes in mineralogical nomenclatures, particularly of the tourmaline supergroup. Changes 1 to 4 are expected to reduce the size of the mineral grains that can be studied, thereby increasing the number of species accessible to study. Furthermore, should species have a fractal distribution (i.e., diversity is independent of scale) examination of increasingly smaller grains will turn up an even larger number of species. To evaluate the impact of these changes on the LNRE modeling, we modeled the 146 B minerals discovered up through 1978, which was selected as the cutoff because of (1) the important role played subsequently by the electron microprobe and (2) the number of species was 50% of the current number. This modeling gave 306 (fZM) and 359 (GIGP) for total species, i.e., the access to smaller grains afforded by advanced analytical instrumentation has resulted in an increased estimate of total endowment by 50% from 1978, whether the fZM or GIGP distribution is applied. We doubt that the ∼500 B species estimate is the end of the story, as we expect there will be further technological advances in the future. A more realistic finale might come when we reach the natural limit imposed by the minimum number of unit cells needed for new mineral to be viable, and thus LNRE modeling might yet show that Earth's total endowment of B minerals is finite. A review of past patterns of discovery of new boron minerals, which can inform us what to expect in future discoveries, reveal that only 19% of B minerals were synthesized prior to discovery. We conclude that synthetic compounds are not a particularly promising source of potential new B minerals. In contrast, 22% of B minerals were discovered prior to synthesis and 29% have unique structures, i.e., they have no synthetic analogs and are not isostructural with a known mineral. Accordingly, 41% of B minerals could not be predicted, and we conclude that the realm of as yet undiscovered B minerals holds a significant number of surprises.
Luxury phosphorus uptake in microalgae Solovchenko, Alexei E.; Ismagulova, Tatiana T.; Lukyanov, Alexandr A. ...
Journal of applied phycology,
10/2019, Letnik:
31, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Phosphorus (P) is central to storing and exchange of energy and information in cells including those of microalgae. The overwhelming majority of microalgae are naturally acclimated to low-P ...environments; hence, they are capable of taking up and storing P in large amounts whenever it becomes available. The ability to take up more P than necessary for immediate growth is termed “luxury uptake.” Understanding this phenomenon constitutes a crucial insight into nutrient-driven processes in natural algal communities such as harmful algal blooms, as well as into the operation of algae-based technologies for sustainable usage of P such as recycling of the nutrient from wastewater to biofertilizers. The bulk of P acquired during luxury uptake is stored in the form of inorganic polyphosphate, the compound with nearly ubiquitous presence and multifaceted function in the cell. Although seminal works on luxury P uptake and polyphosphate metabolism were carried out fifty years ago, application of modern “omics” approaches and advanced imaging microscopy techniques enabled obtaining a deeper mechanistic insight into these processes. Nevertheless, our knowledge about luxury P uptake remains much more limited in comparison with that about P shortage and mechanism tolerance to this stress in microalgae. In this review the knowledge of luxury P uptake originating from classical phycological and biochemical methods is confronted with the recently obtained understanding of molecular mechanisms of P transport to the cell, polyphosphate biosynthesis, regulation, and genetic control of these processes. Biotechnological implications of the knowledge about luxury P uptake accumulated to date are discussed in the context of algae-based approaches to sustained usage of nutrients and industrial cultivation of microalgae.
Th1 lymphocytes are considered the main mediators of protection against tuberculosis (TB); however, their phenotypic characteristics and relationship with Th17 and Th1Th17 populations during TB are ...poorly understood. We have analyzed Th1, Th17, and Th1Th17 lymphocytes in the blood and pulmonary lesions of TB patients. The populations were identified based on the production of IFN-γ and/or IL-17 and the coexpression of CXCR3 (X3) and CCR6 (R6). In the blood, IL-17
and IFN-γ
IL-17
lymphocytes were barely detectable (median, <0.01% of CD4
lymphocytes), whereas IFN-γ
lymphocytes predominated (median, 0.45%). Most IFN-γ
lymphocytes (52%) were X3
R6
, suggesting their "nonclassical" (ex-Th17) nature. In the lungs, IL-17
and IFN-γ
IL-17
lymphocytes were more frequent (0.3%,
< 0.005), yet IFN-γ
cells predominated (11%). Phenotypically, lung CD4
cells were X3
R6
The degree of differentiation of blood effector CD4
lymphocytes (evaluated based on CD62L/CD27/CD28 coexpression) increased as follows: X3
R6
< X3
R6
< X3
R6
, with X3
R6
cells being largely terminally differentiated CD62L
CD27
CD28
cells. Lung CD4
lymphocytes were highly differentiated, recalling blood X3
R6
populations. Following in vitro stimulation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 Abs, X3
R6
CD4
lymphocytes converted into X3
R6
and X3
R6
cells. The results demonstrate that, during active TB, Th1 lymphocytes predominate in blood and lungs, document differences in X3/R6 expression by blood and lung CD4
cells, and link the pattern of X3/R6 expression with the degree of cell differentiation. These findings add to the understanding of immune mechanisms operating during TB and are relevant for the development of better strategies to control it.
The high-pressure behavior of slawsonite, SrAl2Si2O8, has been studied using in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) and Raman spectroscopy up to 31 GPa. Slawsonite undergoes displacive ...phase transition between 6 and 8 GPa with the formation of slawsonite-II, featuring fivefold coordinated silicon and aluminum. The results have been confirmed by the changes in vibrational modes using Raman spectroscopy. High-pressure evolution of the Raman spectra of isotypic paracelsian, BaAl2Si2O8, was studied upon compression and decompression up to 37.5 GPa. Raman data for paracelsian upon compression are in good agreement with previously obtained SCXRD data, which demonstrated three phase transitions at ∼6, 28, and 32 GPa with the formation of AlO5, SiO5, AlO6, and SiO6 polyhedra. Raman data upon decompression show the possibility to quench the high-pressure modification, containing AlO5 polyhedra. The comparison of the high-pressure behavior of slawsonite with paracelsian reveals that the increasing size of extra framework cation from Sr2+ to Ba2+ reduces the phase transition pressure but does not change the transformation pathway.
The relevance of the study is driven by peculiar features of the current economic model characterized as rapidly changing and requiring maximum flexibility from all market agents. In this situation ...such factors as scientific, technological, innovative, informational development come to the fore. Accordingly, it is necessary to choose adequate methods for the management of key industries, which include mechanical engineering. In our opinion, for the purposes of mechanical engineering further development it is necessary to develop a strategy for the scientific and technological development of the entire complex aimed at modernizing the material and technical base, organization, technology, socio-environmental sector, personnel and information support of production, increasing the investment attractiveness of mechanical engineering and expanding the markets for domestic products sale. To overcome the crisis, the main strategic objective of the Russian government should be to recover and ensure intensive growth of domestic markets for industrial products consumption. This is only possible with the implementation of many large infrastructure projects that will ensure domestic demand. Project management, which gradually replaced traditional management, is based on the preliminary development of a comprehensive system model in order to achieve the original goal and is aimed at implementing this model within the specific time frames. It is important to keep in mind that the objective in project management is usually distinguished by elements of novelty and, therefore, the project itself is original, non-traditional. The concept of project portfolio management should be defined separately. Project portfolio management helps determine the optimal level of investment for each project, which should be well combined with each other and not contradict the overall strategic plan. The result is the best balance between current and new strategic initiatives. At the same time project portfolio management is a tool for achieving strategic goals (including industry goals).
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•High-temperature behavior of four CaAl2Si2O8 polymorphs.•Improved scheme of CaAl2Si2O8 polymorphs stability.•Finding of new CaAl2Si2O8 polymorph (β-dmisteinbergite)•New natural ...modification of anorthite and svyatoslavite.•CaAl2Si2O8 polymorphs could be used as geospeedometers.
Plagioclase is the major rock-forming mineral constituting the Earth’s crust, whereas anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) is a common minerals in lunar highlands crust, meteorites, possibly in some comets and on Mercury. Besides anorthite, two high-temperature polymorphs of CaAl2Si2O8 are known: dmisteinbergite and svyatoslavite, which are found in burnt coal dumps, meteorites and pseudotachylytes. Here we present the results of detailed studies (quenching experiments, elemental analysis, Raman spectroscopy and in situ high temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction (up to 1000 °C)) on naturally co-occurring CaAl2Si2O8 polymorphs (anorthite, dmisteinbergite and svyatoslavite) from a burnt coal dump in Kopeisk, Russia. New polymorphs were found in all natural samples and obtained upon heating of dmisteinbergite (unquenchable β-dmisteinbergite and quenchable γ-dmisteinbergite). It was shown that Ca coordination differs significantly in CaAl2Si2O8 polymorphs, resulting in a different capacity to host Ba and possibly other large ion lithophile elements. Combining our data on natural samples with the previously published data on natural and synthetic compounds, we propose a new scheme of CaAl2Si2O8 polymorphs stability. Our results indicate that CaAl2Si2O8 polymorphs could be used for temperature estimations for both Earth and planetary sciences.
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