•Class names that identically match business rules improve multiplicity validation.•Business rules stated in same order as model layout improve multiplicity validation.•Synonyms in business rules and ...UML class diagrams decrease validation accuracy.•Synonyms in business rules and class diagrams increase cognitive burden in validation.•Validators evaluate UML class diagram minimum and maximum multiplicities equally well.
A key advantage of conceptual models is that their quality can be evaluated and validated before beginning the costlier stages of information system development. Few research studies investigate the validation process for such models, particularly regarding multiplicities, even though multiplicity mistakes can be very costly. We investigated the validation of conceptual model multiplicities, varying how closely natural language statements of business rules match the models that purport to represent those rules. Participants in an eye tracking experiment completed validation tasks in which they viewed a statement and an accompanying UML class diagram in which a specified multiplicity was consistent with the statement (valid) or inconsistent with the statement (invalid). We varied whether the focal multiplicity was a minimum or a maximum and varied the class diagram’s semantics and order compared to that of the statement. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between accuracy and the experimental manipulations and controls. The results show that the odds of accuracy in validating class diagrams that used synonyms instead of the exact statement terminology were only 0.46 times the odds of accuracy when the class diagram and statement words matched, showing a costly effect of synonymy. Interestingly, independent of the three levels of relative semantics, the odds of accuracy were 0.48 times when class diagrams were consistent with business rules as they were when class diagrams were inconsistent with business rules. To gain insight into cognition under correct task performance, we conducted additional linear regression analysis on various eye tracking metrics for only the accurate responses. Again, synonymy was observed to be costly, with a cognitive burden of increased integrative transitions between statement and model in the range of 39 to 66%.
Here an image restoration on the basis of pixel simultaneous detection probabilities (PSDP) is proposed. These probabilities can be precisely determined by means of correlations measurement NIMA 586 ...(2008) 314-326. The proposed image restoration is based on the solution of matrix equation. Non-zero elements of Toeplitz block matrix with ones on the main diagonal, is determined using PSDP. The number of non zero descending diagonals depends on the detector construction and is not always smaller than 8. To solve the matrix equation, the Gaussian elimination algorithm is used. The proposed restoration algorithm is studied by means of the simulated images (with and without additive noise using PSDP for General Electric Senographe 2000D mammography device detector) and a small area (160 times 160 pixels) of real images acquired by the above mentioned device. The estimation errors of PSDP and the additive noise magnitude permits to restore images with the precision better than 3% for the above mentioned detector. The additive noise in the real image is present after restoration and almost has the same magnitude. In the restored small area (16 times 16 mm) of real images, the pixel responses are not correlated. The spatial resolution improvement is also analyzed by the image of an absorber edge.
ERP systems are typically the largest, most complex, and most demanding information systems implemented by firms, representing a major departure from the individual and departmental information ...systems prevalent in the past. Firms and individuals are extensively impacted, and many problematic issues remain to be researched. ERP and related integrated technologies are a transformative force on the accounting profession. As the nature of business evolves, accounting expertise is being called on to make broader contributions such as reporting on nonfinancial measures, auditing information systems, implementing management controls within information systems, and providing management consulting services. This review of ERP research is drawn from an extensive examination of the breadth of ERP-related literature without constraints as to a narrow timeframe or limited journal list, although particular attention is directed to the leading journals in information systems and accounting information systems. Early research consisted of descriptive studies of firms implementing ERP systems. Then researchers started to address other research questions about the factors that lead to successful implementations: the need for change management and expanded forms of user education, whether the financial benefit outweighed the cost, and whether the issues are different depending on organizational type and cultural factors. This research encouraged the development of several major ERP research areas: (1) critical success factors, (2) the organizational impact, and (3) the economic impact of ERP systems. We use this taxonomy to establish (1) what we know, (2) what we need, and (3) where we are going in ERP research. The objective of this review is to synthesize the extant ERP research reported without regard to publication domain and make this readily available to accounting researchers. We organize key ERP research by topics of interest in accounting, and map ERP topics onto existing accounting information systems research areas. An emphasis is placed on topics important to accounting, including (but not limited to) the risk management and auditing of ERP systems, regulatory issues, the internal and external economic impacts of ERP systems, extensions needed in ERP systems for XBRL, for interorganizational support, and for the design of management control systems. See Supplemental Material.
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase-1 (PRPS-1; EC 2.7.6.1.) catalyzes the binding of phosphate-group to ribose 5-phosphate, forming the 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, which is necessary for ...the salvage pathways of purine and pyrimidine, pyridine nucleotide cofactors - NAD and NADP, the amino acids histidine and tryptophan biosynthesis. We aimed to investigate the impact of the different effectors on the activity of PRPS-1, to check the activity of the enzyme in vitro in a wide range of pHs and investigate some structural essentials of the enzyme, isolated from brain and liver. Molecular docking analyses were used to delineate the essentials of PRPS-1 structure, to find out the existence of enzyme effectors. Previously created by us kit was used for determination of the activity of PRPS-1 based on the formation of the inorganic phosphates (λ = 700 nm, Cary 60, Agilent, USA). Effectors impact on the activity of PRPS-1 was evaluated. In silico results of the effectors were later proven by in vitro experiments. For the first time biochemical essentials, including the existence of the multiple pockets, involvement of the amino acids into the processes of interactions with the effectors, evolutional of the sequence conservation, tissue depended V
max
differences were identified.
Front end electronics and first results of the ALICE V0 detector Zoccarato, Y.; Tromeur, W.; Aguilar, S. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
2011, Letnik:
626
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This paper gives a detailed description of the acquisition and trigger electronics especially designed for the V0 detector of ALICE at LHC. A short presentation of the detector itself is given before ...the description of the Front End Electronics (FEE) system, which is completely embedded within the LHC environment as far as acquisition (DAQ), trigger (CTP), and detector control (DCS) are concerned. It is able to detect on-line coincident events and to achieve charge (with a precision of 0.6 pC) and time measurements (with a precision of 100
ps). It deploys quite a simple architecture. It is however totally programmable and fully non-standard in discriminating events coming from Beam–Beam interaction and Beam-Gas background. Finally, raw data collected from the first LHC colliding beams illustrate the performance of the system.
The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) is a precision particle physics detector on the International Space Station (ISS) conducting a unique, long-duration mission of fundamental physics research in ...space. The physics objectives include the precise studies of the origin of dark matter, antimatter, and cosmic rays as well as the exploration of new phenomena. Following a 16-year period of construction and testing, and a precursor flight on the Space Shuttle, AMS was installed on the ISS on May 19, 2011. In this report we present results based on 120 billion charged cosmic ray events up to multi-TeV energies. This includes the fluxes of positrons, electrons, antiprotons, protons, and nuclei. These results provide unexpected information, which cannot be explained by the current theoretical models. The accuracy and characteristics of the data, simultaneously from many different types of cosmic rays, provide unique input to the understanding of origins, acceleration, and propagation of cosmic rays.
At sufficiently high temperature and energy density, nuclear matter undergoes a transition to a phase in which quarks and gluons are not confined: the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Such an exotic state ...of strongly interacting quantum chromodynamics matter is produced in the laboratory in heavy nuclei high-energy collisions, where an enhanced production of strange hadrons is observed. Strangeness enhancement, originally proposed as a signature of QGP formation in nuclear collisions, is more pronounced for multi-strange baryons. Several effects typical of heavy-ion phenomenology have been observed in high-multiplicity proton-proton (pp) collisions, but the enhanced production of multi-strange particles has not been reported so far. Here we present the first observation of strangeness enhancement in high-multiplicity proton-proton collisions. We find that the integrated yields of strange and multi-strange particles, relative to pions, increases significantly with the event charged-particle multiplicity. The measurements are in remarkable agreement with the p-Pb collision results, indicating that the phenomenon is related to the final system created in the collision. In high-multiplicity events strangeness production reaches values similar to those observed in Pb-Pb collisions, where a QGP is formed.
We report the observation of new properties of primary cosmic rays He, C, and O measured in the rigidity (momentum/charge) range 2 GV to 3 TV with 90×10^{6} helium, 8.4×10^{6} carbon, and 7.0×10^{6} ...oxygen nuclei collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) during the first five years of operation. Above 60 GV, these three spectra have identical rigidity dependence. They all deviate from a single power law above 200 GV and harden in an identical way.
Purpose: To study the factors which affect the accuracy of the microcalcification (MC) thickness determination in digital mammography, in particular, the contribution from scattered radiation. Method ...and Materials: The effect of scattered radiation on the accuracy of a MC thickness reconstruction has been studied using simulation. The GEANT4 code, assuming a scanning beam geometry, has been used to simulate photon transport through a tissue‐like flat phantom containing 0.2–1.0 mm thick cylindrical MC and a pixelized detector (100 microns side). The influence of detector resolution has been analyzed by the simulation of small spherical MC embedded into the phantom. Background has been determined by a fitting technique for the signal/background description, using a Gaussian‐like expression for the first, and a polynomial for the second. Measurements were carried out using a GE Senographe 2000D unit. Results: Our results indicate the possibility of reconstructing the MC thickness with accuracy of the order of 12.5%, including background, position and simulation uncertainties, when a 3 mm wide beam is used. The transversal size reconstruction for cylindrical MC having diameters larger than 1 mm, is of the order of 5%. Thickness reconstruction is found to be an alternative to signal to noise ratio for microcalcification detection. Conclusion: These simulations indicate that the thickness of dense objects larger than about 150 microns can be reconstructed using a digital mammography unit having 100 micron pixels and exposures equivalent to 1.5 mGy mean glandular dose.
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