According to an ecological perspective in psychology and in line with social cognitive theory, smoking behaviour is determined by different social contexts (for example, peers, family and school) ...providing adolescents with important role models. This paper investigates the effects of personal characteristics as well as family, peer and school context variables on youth smoking behaviour. We hypothesize that school smoking policy variables predict adolescents' smoking in addition to other context variables. Data were obtained from a self-report survey administered to 3364 students in 40 secondary schools in Bavaria, Germany. For both younger (10-15 years) and older (16-21 years) students, strong associations were found between smoking behaviour and (i) smoking best friends and friends in general, (ii) other substance use and (iii) school performance. In the younger age group, the non-existence of smoking bans for students was associated with an increased risk of being smoker. For the older students, a positive association was found between the presence of smoking teachers on school grounds and smoking behaviour. Results are discussed considering methodological aspects and public health concerns.
Background The treatment of tobacco dependence during the acute or withdrawal treatment of addiction patients remains a controversial topic, despite the positive data on its effectiveness. ...Objectives/Aims Treatment objectives are not only tobacco abstinence but also a reduction in smoking in the sense of ‘harm reduction’. Methods During a six-month data collection period, all tobacco-dependent patients on an acute addiction ward were included in the treatment approach. The open programme lasted for two weeks (two group sessions and an optional individual consultation). Patients (treatment and placebo group) were assessed at four points in time (a pre-test, a post-test and a 3- and 6-month follow-up). A standardized questionnaire was assessed with focus on acceptance of the programme, motivation and changes in smoking behaviour. Results A sample of n = 70 participants was studied (control group: n = 82). Although participation was mandatory, acceptance of the programme was good to very good. A total of 11.9% of the participants participated in the voluntary, manualised individual therapy sessions in addition to the group programme. Compared to the control group (brief information about tobacco dependence and nicotine replacement therapy), all participants showed a change in smoking behaviour and motivation to quit. During the acute treatment, 24.3% of the patients reduced their smoking and 4.3% even quit smoking. Data will be presented from the 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Conclusion The results indicate good acceptance, very good practicability and positive effects on smoking behaviour of early counselling and tobacco withdrawal in patients with comorbid addiction disorder.
Smoking cessation therapies in Germany Kröger, C; Gradl, S
Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz
53, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Reducing the consumption of tobacco products in Germany is a health objective that is achievable with smoking cessation treatments for smokers. This objective turns out to be more successful when ...using different interventions for smoking cessation than with self-initiated smoking cessation methods. This survey describes the range of smoking cessation treatments in Germany and evaluates them on the basis of international guidelines.
A preliminary initial cloned enzyme donor immunoassay (CEDIA) was optimized for serum and urine drug testing with respect to the German per se limits for driving under the influence of drugs (serum) ...and lowered cut-offs in cases of driving licence re-granting (urine). The tests were performed on an Olympus AU 400 auto analyzer. Validation revealed sensitivities between 93% and 100% based on comparison with data from gas or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Even if specificity ranged between 83% and 98 %, the tests can be considered useful for forensic purposes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, Youden indices, as well as positive and negative predictive values are presented.
We developed an application for Android™-based mobile devices that allows real-time electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring and automated arrhythmia detection by analyzing ECG parameters. ECG data ...provided by pre-recorded files or acquired live by accessing a Shimmer™ sensor node via Bluetooth™ can be processed and evaluated. The application is based on the Pan-Tompkins algorithm for QRS-detection and contains further algorithm blocks to detect abnormal heartbeats. The algorithm was validated using the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia and MIT-BIH Supraventricular Arrhythmia databases. More than 99% of all QRS complexes were detected correctly by the algorithm. Overall sensitivity for abnormal beat detection was 89.5% with a specificity of 80.6%. The application is available for download and may be used for real-time ECG-monitoring on mobile devices.
The results of 5 years of development of the inner tracking system of the HERA-B experiment and first experience from the data taking period of the year 2000 are reported. The system contains 184 ...chambers, covering a sensitive area of about
(20×20)
cm
2
each. The detector is based on microstrip gas counters (MSGCs) with diamond-like coated (DLC) glass wafers and gas electron multipliers (GEMs). The main problems in the development phase were gas discharges in intense hadron beams and aging in a high radiation dose environment. The observation of gas discharges which damage the electrode structure of the MSGC led to the addition of the GEM as a first amplification step. Spurious sparking at the GEM cannot be avoided completely. It does not affect the GEM itself but can produce secondary damage of the MSGC if the electric field between the GEM and the MSGC is above a threshold depending on the operation conditions. We observed that aging does not only depend on the dose but also on the spot size of the irradiated area. Ar–DME mixtures had to be abandoned whereas a mixture of 70% Ar and 30% CO
2 showed no serious aging effects up to about
40
mC
/cm deposited charge on the anodes. X-ray measurements indicate that the DLC of the MSGC is deteriorated by the gas amplification process. As a consequence, long-term gain variations are expected. The Inner Tracker has successfully participated in the data taking at HERA-B during summer 2000.
Smoking mothers put their own health as well as that of their children at risk. Mother-child inpatient rehabilitation centres can be a suitable setting for reaching this target group and providing ...support for smoking cessation.
The aim of the study is to describe for the first time the smoking prevalence and motivation to change of patients in German mother-child inpatient rehabilitation centres and to investigate the actual utilisation of an offered smoking cessation programme.
In a cross-sectional field study with a consecutive sample from 22 mother-child inpatient rehabilitation centres (N=4329 mothers) smoking prevalence, stage of preparedness to change according to the transtheoretical model and consideration to seek help for cessation were assessed via a questionnaire. In addition, the number of smokers who can be reached by the offer of a quit-smoking programme was assessed by means of reports of the course instructors.
29.2% of patients in mother-child rehabilitation are smokers. Compared to the female general population, a higher proportion of the women were in an advanced stage of preparedness to change (19.4% are in preparation) and the majority of smokers are willing to seek help to quit smoking. 37.6% of smoking mothers participated in the offered smoking cessation intervention.
There is a high proportion of smokers and a high readiness to change in German mother-child rehabilitation centres. The actual participation rate in an offered smoking cessation programme is quite remarkable, but nevertheless has to be enhanced further. One possible approach is measures to enhance smoking mothers' motivation to quit.
Expeditious and high-yielding Nazarov cyclizations of 2-alkoxy-1,4-pentadien-3-ones are described. An example of a catalytic asymmetric Nazarov cyclization is presented.
Tabakentwöhnungsmaßnahmen in Deutschland Kröger, C.; Gradl, S.
Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz,
02/2010, Letnik:
53, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Zusammenfassung
Das Erreichen des Gesundheitszieles, den Tabakkonsum in Deutschland zu reduzieren, ist durch den Einsatz von Tabakentwöhnungsmaßnahmen für Raucherinnen und Raucher möglich. Dieses ...Ziel lässt sich durch den Einsatz unterschiedlicher Tabakentwöhnungsmethoden erfolgreicher gestalten als mit selbstinitiierten Aufhörversuchen. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit beschreibt die Angebote an Tabakentwöhnungsmaßnahmen in Deutschland und bewertet sie anhand der internationalen Leitlinien.
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