Measuring Processing Fluency Graf, Laura K. M.; Mayer, Stefan; Landwehr, Jan R.
Journal of consumer psychology,
July 2018, Letnik:
28, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
While there is an ample amount of consumer behavior research that recruits processing fluency as an explanatory construct, the question how to best measure the fluency experience has received little ...attention. Therefore, there is a lack of consistency in measuring the construct, particularly with regard to the use of single-item versus multi-item measures. The current research, thus, aims to investigate how processing fluency can be consistently measured across different experimental fluency manipulations and which type of measure has the highest validity. Based on classic scale development procedures, we propose a reliable and valid multi-item measure and compare this measure against a single-item measure in terms of predictive validity. We show that both measures mediate the effect of five established fluency manipulations and that the single-item measure is sufficient. In addition to providing a measure for future research that can be adapted to different empirical settings, we provide empirical evidence on the replicability of fluency effects and on the theoretical conjecture that people have a uniform fluency experience across different manipulations of fluency.
Aims
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of compaction and air infiltration on the bacterial community structure during the fermentation process and the aerobic exposure phase of ...grass silage.
Methods and Results
Perennial ryegrass was ensiled at laboratory scale in a high‐density (HD) and low‐density (LD) compaction variant. Silages were exposed to air, and degradation was monitored by analysing temperature changes within the silage. Fermentation dynamics were examined using chemical analysis and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis of the 16S rRNA gene supported by cloning and sequencing of representative samples. Dominant Lactobacillus species in HD silages remained largely unchanged during aerobic exposure. LD silages revealed fundamental changes in the bacterial community structure when exposed to air. After 4 days aerobic storage, only 23% of the primary silage community remained and mainly opportunistic Bacillus species proliferated.
Conclusion
The ensiling of ryegrass is a very dynamic microbial process. Aerobic spoilage was limited to the LD silages, marked by a complete change towards a Bacillus‐dominated community.
Significance and Impact of the Study
The TRFLP analysis supported by the identification of terminal restriction fragments, revealed novel insights into the dynamics of the bacterial community during ensiling, and at aerobic spoilage conditions.
Diabet. Med. 28, 1053–1059 (2011)
Aims To evaluate the potential contribution of maternal glucose and lipids to fetal metabolic variables and growth in pregnancies with normal glucose tolerance in ...comparison with pregnancies with well‐controlled gestational diabetes previously reported by us.
Methods In 190 pregnancies with normal oral glucose tolerance tests (controls), insulin, glucose and lipid components were determined in maternal and arterial cord blood serum. Birthweight and neonatal fat mass were obtained after delivery. Values were adjusted for maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI, Caesarean section and gestational age. Measurements were compared with those of gestational diabetes previously reported.
Results Maternal serum glucose, triacylglycerol, free fatty acid and cholesterol levels did not differ between control pregnancies and those with gestational diabetes, whereas insulin, homeostasis model assessment and glycerol values were significantly lower in the former (2.6 vs. 5.6 μmol/l and 176 vs. 193 μmol/l, respectively). In contrast, cord blood glucose and free fatty acids were significantly lower in control pregnancies than in those with gestational diabetes (3.9 vs. 4.4 mmol/l and 80.7 vs. 137 μmol/l, respectively); the same was valid for insulin (0.03 vs. 0.05 nmol/l) and homeostasis model assessment (1.0 vs. 1.87). In control pregnancies, maternal serum glucose, free fatty acids and glycerol correlated with those in cord blood, but not with neonatal weight and fat mass, as seen for free fatty acids in those with gestational diabetes. The negative correlation between cord blood triacylglycerols and neonatal weight or fat mass previously reported in gestational diabetes could not be confirmed in control pregnancies, where all fetal lipids showed a positive correlation to neonatal anthropometrics.
Conclusion In normal pregnancies, in contrast to those with gestational diabetes, maternal lipids do not influence neonatal weight. Similar levels of maternal lipids in pregnancies with gestational diabetes and control pregnancies, but higher free fatty acids in the cord blood of those with gestational diabetes, indicate their enhanced placental transport and/or enhanced lipolysis as a result of decreased fetal insulin responsiveness.
The uptake of water by contrails in ice-supersaturated air and the release of water after ice particle advection and sedimentation dehydrates the atmosphere at flight levels and redistributes ...humidity mainly to lower levels. The dehydration is investigated by coupling a plume-scale contrail model with a global aerosol-climate model. The contrail model simulates all the individual contrails forming from global air traffic for meteorological conditions as defined by the climate model. The computed contrail cirrus properties compare reasonably with theoretical concepts and observations. The mass of water in aged contrails may exceed 106 times the mass of water emitted from aircraft. Many of the ice particles sediment and release water in the troposphere, on average 700 m below the mean flight levels. Simulations with and without coupling are compared. The drying at contrail levels causes thinner and longer-lived contrails with about 15 % reduced contrail radiative forcing (RF). The reduced RF from contrails is on the order of 0.06 W m-2, slightly larger than estimated earlier because of higher soot emissions. For normal traffic, the RF from dehydration is small compared to interannual variability. A case with emissions increased by 100 times is used to overcome statistical uncertainty. The contrails impact the entire hydrological cycle in the atmosphere by reducing the total water column and the cover by high- and low-level clouds. For normal traffic, the dehydration changes contrail RF by positive shortwave and negative longwave contributions on the order of 0.04 W m-2, with a small negative net RF. The total net RF from contrails and dehydration remains within the range of previous estimates.
To determine whether the addition of a T2 mapping sequence to a routine magnetic resonance (MR) imaging protocol could improve diagnostic performance in the detection of surgically confirmed ...cartilage lesions within the knee joint at 3.0 T.
This prospective study was approved by the institutional review board, and the requirement to obtain informed consent was waived. The study group consisted of 150 patients (76 male and 74 female patients with an average age of 41.2 and 41.5 years, respectively) who underwent MR imaging and arthroscopy of the knee joint. MR imaging was performed at 3.0 T by using a routine protocol with the addition of a sagittal T2 mapping sequence. Images from all MR examinations were reviewed in consensus by two radiologists before surgery to determine the presence or absence of cartilage lesions on each articular surface, first by using the routine MR protocol alone and then by using the routine MR protocol with T2 maps. Each articular surface was then evaluated at arthroscopy. Generalized estimating equation models were used to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the routine MR imaging protocol with and without T2 maps in the detection of surgically confirmed cartilage lesions.
The sensitivity and specificity in the detection of 351 cartilage lesions were 74.6% and 97.8%, respectively, for the routine MR protocol alone and 88.9% and 93.1% for the routine MR protocol with T2 maps. Differences in sensitivity and specificity were statistically significant (P < .001). The addition of T2 maps to the routine MR imaging protocol significantly improved the sensitivity in the detection of 24 areas of cartilage softening (from 4.2% to 62%, P < .001), 41 areas of cartilage fibrillation (from 20% to 66%, P < .001), and 96 superficial partial-thickness cartilage defects (from 71% to 88%, P = .004).
The addition of a T2 mapping sequence to a routine MR protocol at 3.0 T improved sensitivity in the detection of cartilage lesions within the knee joint from 74.6% to 88.9%, with only a small reduction in specificity. The greatest improvement in sensitivity with use of the T2 maps was in the identification of early cartilage degeneration.
Background
Children younger than 7 years can develop mental disorders that might manifest differently than in older children or adolescents. However, little is known about the prevalence of mental ...disorders at this early age.
Methods
We systematically searched the literature in the databases Web of Science, PsycINFO, PSYNDEX, MEDLINE, and Embase to identify epidemiological studies of community samples published between 2006 and 2020. A series of meta‐analyses was conducted to estimate the pooled worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in general, specific mental disorders, and comorbidity in young children.
Results
A total of ten epidemiological studies reporting data on N = 18,282 children (12–83 months old) from eight countries met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of mental disorders in general was 20.1%, 95% CI 15.7, 25.4. Most common disorders were oppositional defiant disorder (4.9%, 95% CI 2.5, 9.5) and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (4.3%, 95% CI 2.5, 7.2). The prevalence of any anxiety disorders was 8.5%, 95% CI 5.2, 13.5, and of any depressive disorders was 1.1%, 95% CI 0.8, 1.6. Comorbidity was estimated at 6.4%, 95% CI 1.3, 54.0.
Conclusions
The literature search reveals that the epidemiology of mental disorders in children younger than 7 years is still a neglected area of research. The findings also indicate that there are a significant number of young children suffering from mental disorders who need appropriate age‐adapted treatment.
Lightning strokes are known to cause direct heating and ionization of the D region, some of which are detected via scattering of VLF transmitter signals and are known as Early VLF events. The ...disturbed ionosphere typically recovers in many tens of seconds. New experimental evidence is presented demonstrating that the scattering pattern and onset amplitude of Early VLF events are strongly related to both the magnitude and polarity of causative lightning peak current. Observations of Early VLF events at nine Stanford VLF receiver sites across the continental United States are combined with lightning geolocation data from the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN). During January and March 2011, NLDN recorded 7769 intense lightning discharges with high peak currents (>100 kA) generating 1250 detected Early VLF events. We show that the size of the scattered field due to the ionospheric disturbance increases with the peak current intensity of the causative lightning discharge. The most intense peak currents of >+200 and <−250 kA disturb VLF transmitter signals as far as ∼400 km away from the lightning stroke. Early VLF event detection probability also increases rapidly with peak current intensity. On the other hand, the observed VLF amplitude change is not significantly dependent on the peak current intensity. Stroke polarity is also important, with positive strokes being ∼5 times more likely to generate Early VLF disturbances than negative strokes of the same intensity. Intense positive cloud‐to‐ground lightning discharges, especially when occurring over the sea, are also more likely to produce Early VLF events with long recovery (many minutes).
Key Points
The occurrence rate of Early VLF events increases with peak current intensity.
The size of the scattered region increases with lightning peak current.
Long recovery events are mostly associated with intense +CG discharges.
The emission of neutrinos within a wide energy range is predicted from very-high-energy phenomena in the Universe. Even the current or next-generation Cherenkov neutrino telescopes might be too small ...to detect the faint fluxes expected for cosmic neutrinos with energies exceeding the EeV scale. The acoustic detection method is a promising option to enlarge the discovery potential in this highest-energy regime. In a possible future deep-sea detector, the pressure waves produced in a neutrino interaction could be detected by a
≳
100
km
3
-sized
array of acoustic sensors, even if it is sparsely instrumented with about 100
sensors/km
3. This article focuses on the AMADEUS set-up of acoustic sensors, which is an integral part of the ANTARES detector. The main aim of the project is a feasibility study towards a future acoustic neutrino detector. However, the experience gained with the ANTARES-AMADEUS hybrid opto-acoustic set-up can also be transferred to future very large volume optical neutrino telescopes, especially for the position calibration of the detector structures using acoustic sensors.
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