A simple, more physical and compelling version of the Interstitialcy Theory of Simple Condensed Matter than that given previously is provided here. Also, computer simulation and direct and indirect ...experimental evidence is updated and reviewed. The theory is based on the properties of an interstitial in the interstitialcy, sometimes known as the dumbbell configuration. A free energy is derived, taking account of the unusually large shear susceptibility and vibrational entropy of the dumbbell to find the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of simple liquids and glasses. The connection between theory and experiment for some of the more notable properties of simple condensed matter found later is also discussed. The direct visual observation of interstitial diffusion to the surface in platinum near 20 K in irradiated thin films by Morgenstern et al. M. Morgenstern, T. Michely, G. Comsa, Phys. Rev. Lett.
79
, 1305 (1997) is found to be sufficient compelling evidence for the interstitialcy theory.
This study was designed to investigate the response to chemotherapy of supradiaphragmatic disease diagnosed by preoperative imaging. As secondary objectives, oncologic outcomes of patients affected ...by supradiaphragmatic disease and their pattern of recurrence were also evaluated.
Data of consecutive patients with newly diagnosed FIGO stage IV (for supradiaphragmatic disease) epithelial ovarian cancer undergoing either primary debulking surgery or neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus interval debulking surgery between 2004 and 2021, were retrospectively collected. All patients were preoperatively evaluated by chest/abdominal CT scan or 18F-FDG PET/CT preoperatively and at follow-up to evaluate response to chemotherapy. At follow-up visits, site of recurrence diagnosed by imaging techniques was systematically recorded as it occurred. Progression-free and overall survival were measured by using Kaplan-Meier and Cox models.
A total of 130 patients was included in this study with a median (range) follow-up of 32.9 (12.8–176.7) months. Complete or partial response was achieved in most of the patients after 3 cycles (77.7%) and 6 cycles (85.4%) of chemotherapy. At follow-up, recurrence occurred in 96 (73.8%) patients and the main site of recurrence was abdomen only in 64 (66.7%) patients. At multivariate analysis, residual disease after surgery was the only variable influencing survival outcomes.
Supradiaphragmatic disease respond to chemotherapy in most patients affected by advanced EOC and recurrence mainly occurs in the abdomen. Results from this study confirms that abdominal optimal cytoreduction is the main surgical goal in the treatment of women affected by FIGO stage IV EOC.
The non-Arrhenius Vogel–Fulcher–Tamman relation for the viscosity,
η, known for about 8
decades, describes simply one of the most characteristic features of supercooled liquids. It may be written
η
=
...η
0
exp
U
/
k
T
−
T
0
. Using the Dyre et al. result demonstrating that
U is proportional to the shear modulus,
G, and the Interstitialcy Theory of Condensed Matter (ITCM) we derive this relation and obtain
T
0
/
T
g
=
γ
/
γ
+
1
and
U
=
U
0
/
1
+
γ
, where
U
0 is the interstitialcy diffusion energy at the glass temperature. Here,
γ is a fragility softening parameter given by
γ
=
βT
g
(
dc
/
dT)|
T
g
.
β is the shear susceptibility −
d
ln
G
/
dc, and
c is the interstitialcy concentration.
γ is also a fragility parameter ranging from 0 for strong materials to 3 or above for fragile ones.
The interstitialcy theory is used to calculate the kinetics of shear modulus relaxation induced by structural relaxation of metallic glasses. A continuous distribution of activation energies is shown ...to be a salient feature of the relaxation. High precision in situ contactless electromagnetic acoustic-transformation shear modulus (600- kHz) measurements performed on a Zr-based bulk metallic glass are found to strongly support the approach under consideration. It is revealed that the activation energy spectra derived from isothermal and isochronal shear modulus measurements are in good agreement with each other. It is concluded that the increase of the shear modulus during structural relaxation can be understood as a decrease of the concentration of structural defects similar to dumbbell interstitials in simple crystalline metals.
Mechanical properties of simple condensed matter Granato, A.V.
Materials science & engineering. A, Structural materials : properties, microstructure and processing,
09/2009, Letnik:
521
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Recenzirano
Many mechanical properties of glasses and liquids, such as the large shear susceptibility compared to the compressibility, seem strange and unexpected. However, they are basically the same as those ...found for irradiated crystals at low defect concentrations. This finding is predicted by the Interstitialcy Theory of Condensed Matter (ITCM). According to the ITCM, a liquid is a crystal containing a few percent of interstitialcies (dumbbell configuration), while a glass is a frozen liquid. Recent computer simulations have supported this assertion. Among thermodynamic properties, changes of the shear modulus
G and entropy
S play a key role in explaining the physics of condensed matter. The sensitivity of measured shear modulus changes is typically about four orders of magnitude greater than that of the entropy. Simple mechanical models can be given for the mechanical properties. The large entropy of melting of the elements provides a proof that the agents of melting are interstitialcies. Shear modulus measurements provide strong evidence for the ITCM.
The underexploited biorenewable p‐cymene is employed as a solvent for the metathesis of various substrates. p‐Cymene is a nontoxic compound that can be obtained in large amounts as a side product of ...the cellulose and citrus industry. For the cross‐metathesis of estragole with methyl acrylate, this solvent prevents the consecutive double‐bond isomerization of the product and affords the best yield of all solvents tested. Undesired consecutive isomerization is a major challenge for many substrates in olefin metathesis, including pharmaceutical precursors, and the use of p‐cymene as a solvent may be a way to prevent it. This solvent results in a better metathesis performance than toluene for the three substrates tested in this work, matching its performance for two other substrates.
Green metathesis solvent: p‐Cymene, which can be produced from rejects of the cellulose and citrus industry, is an excellent solvent for the Ru‐catalyzed metathesis of various substrates. It prevents the undesired consecutive double‐bond isomerization and delivers better yields than other biorenewable solvents.
The special configuration and dynamics known for interstitialcies in fcc metals are exploited to construct a model giving all the thermodynamic properties of crystalline, liquid, and amorphous states ...in a unified way. A large diaelastic softening of the shear modulus with defect concentration is derived. This leads to a softening of the interstitialcy formation energy, which, taken together with a large entropy contribution from the interstitialcy resonance modes, makes the model, which contains Lindemann's law, viable for quantitative calculations of thermodynamic properties.
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•Synthesis of 1-arylbutadienes from bio-renewable 2-propenylbenzenes.•Tandem hydroformylation/isomerization/hydrogenation of 1-arylbutadienes.•Branched aldehydes useful as fragrances ...in high selectivity.
The rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation of 1-arylbutadienes derived from lignocellulosic bio-resources has been carried out in toluene and green solvents. In the presence of DPPE and XANTPHOS ligands, a regioselective Markovnikov Rh-H insertion takes place resulting in branched aldehydes in high selectivity, which contrasts with previous results obtained from aliphatic conjugated dienes. Depending on the nature of the diphosphine ligand, conjugated enals or saturated aldehydes are obtained in good to excellent selectivity. The later have a potential interest for fragrance industry, as they are homologous to commercial fragrance ingredients.
A theory of isothermal structural relaxation and creep of glasses below the glass transition temperature is given. According to the interstitialcy theory, the supercooled liquid state does not exist ...below a Kauzmann "pseudocritical" temperature T(k), which lies above the temperature T(K), commonly called the "Kauzmann temperature." Structural relaxation is simply a reduction with time of the interstitialcy concentration to the crystalline state for T<T(k), and to the metastable supercooled liquid state for T>T(k). The predicted viscosity eta is universal, given by eta=eta(0) + eta(T)t, in agreement with experiment. eta is continuous in T, with eta discontinuous at T(k) but linear in 1/T above and below T(k). The dependence of eta on the shear modulus directly connects kinetic and thermodynamic properties of glasses and liquids.
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