Purpose: Resistance training is often performed in a traditional training style using deliberate relatively longer repetition durations or in an explosive training style using maximal intended ...velocities and relatively shorter repetition durations. Both improve strength, "power" (impulsivity), and speed. This study compared explosive and traditional training over a 6-week intervention in 30 healthy young adult male recreational soccer players. Method: Full body supervised resistance training was performed 2 times a week using 3 sets of each exercise at 80% of one repetition maximum to momentary failure. Outcomes were Smith machine squat 1 repetition maximum, 10 meter sprint time, and countermovement jump. Results: Both groups significantly improved all outcomes based on 95% confidence intervals not crossing zero. There were no between-group differences for squat 1 RM (TRAD = 6.35.1 to 7.6 kg, EXP = 5.23.9 to 6.4 kg) or 10 meter sprint (TRAD = -0.05-0.07 to -0.04 s, EXP = -0.05-0.06 to -0.03 s). Explosive group had a significantly greater increase in countermovement jump compared to the traditional group (TRAD = 0.70.3 to 1.1 cm, EXP = 1.30.9 to 1.7 cm). Conclusion: Both the traditional training and explosive training performed to momentary failure produced significant improvements in strength, speed, and jump performance. Strength gains are similar independent of intended movement speed. However, speed and jump performance changes are marginal with resistance training.
In this piece, I argue that the marginalized status of ugliness in the field of aesthetics, particularly in aesthetic conversations in the broader field of curriculum, is indicative of an as-of-yet ...unexplored source for understanding our societal values. The fact that we do not talk about the ugly is reason to believe that there is something that we do not want to talk about, and whenever such is the case, there is often a deep-seated reason as to why. I begin by establishing the case that ugliness is, in fact, a marginal idea in aesthetic conversations. From there, I explore notions of ugliness as interruptive; the treatment of the physically ugly and its implications; and ugliness of thought, both emotionally and through purposeful philosophizing. While I relate each of these back to the study of curriculum within their own sections, I also move forward to explore what an ugly curriculum may look like, utilizing the concept of asymmetry as a grounding ideal.
How food abundance affects (1) whether or not individuals defend territories and (2) what size of territory is defended are crucial to understanding the role that territoriality plays in regulating ...the population size of stream-dwelling salmonids. The threshold model of feeding territoriality predicts that territorial defence will be most intense at intermediate levels of food abundance, whereas optimal territory-size models predict that territory size will decrease with increasing food abundance. While the latter prediction has been supported by several studies of stream salmonids, too few levels of food abundance were typically used to describe the exact relationship between territory size and food abundance. Hence, to quantify the relation between the intensity of defence, territory size and food abundance, we manipulated food abundance over a broad range of values (0.62, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% of the fish wet body weight in dry food per day) in artificial stream channels (1.92×0.77m), while monitoring the territorial behaviour of juvenile rainbow trout. As predicted by the threshold model of feeding territoriality, the frequency of territorial aggression was highest at intermediate levels of food abundance, but fish never ceased defending territories entirely, particularly at food densities likely found in the wild. Also as predicted, the aggressive radius of rainbow trout decreased significantly, but only by 30% over a 32-fold increase in food abundance, equivalent to a 51% decrease in territory size. Our results suggest that territory size is relatively insensitive to changes in food abundance and may have a regulatory effect on population density.
► We examined the effect of food abundance on aggressiveness and territory size in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. ► Frequency of territorial aggression was highest at intermediate levels of food abundance. ► Territory size decreased by only 30% over a 32-fold increase in food abundance. ► Territory size was relatively insensitive to changes in food abundance. ► Territoriality may have a regulatory effect on population density.
Coherent beam combination offers a solution to the challenges associated with the power handling capacity of individual fibres, however, the combined intensity profile strongly depends on the ...relative phase of each fibre. Optimal combination necessitates precise control over the phase of each fibre channel, however, determining the required phase compensations is challenging because phase information is typically not available. Additionally, the presence of continuously varying phase noise in fibre laser systems means that a single-step and high-speed correction process is required. In this work, we use a spatial light modulator to demonstrate coherent combination in a seven-beam system. Deep learning is used to identify the relative phase offsets for each beam directly from the combined intensity pattern, allowing real-time correction. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the deep learning agent can calculate the phase corrections needed to achieve user-specified target intensity profiles thus simultaneously achieving both beam combination and beam shaping.
•Dominant fish preferred structurally complex versus open habitats.•Subordinate fish, but not dominants, altered habitat use in response to predation risk.•Fish aggressive to a mirror more frequently ...found in the open habitat.•No personality traits predicted dominance status.•Fish had consistent individual differences in dominance, foraging, aggression, habitat use.
Habitat structure may reduce predation risk by providing refuge from predators. However, individual behavioural differences (i.e. aggression, shyness/boldness) may also cause variation in competitive ability or tolerance of predation risk, resulting in differences in habitat preference. We manipulated habitat structure to explore the role of predation risk on foraging success, aggression and habitat use in an ideal free distribution experiment using the convict cichlid (Amatitlania nigrofasciata). Groups of four same-sized fish competed for food in two patches that differed in habitat complexity, with and without exposure to a predator model; all fish were then given a series of individual behavioural tests. Fish showed repeatable differences in dominance status, foraging success, aggression and habitat use over the 14-day trials. Dominants always preferred the complex habitat, while subordinates used the open habitat less after exposure to a predator model. Although an equal number of fish were found in either habitat in the absence of a predator, dominants appeared to exclude subordinates from the complex habitat, supporting an ideal despotic distribution. The individual behavioural assays predicted habitat use, but not foraging success or dominance; fish that were aggressive to a mirror were more frequently found in the open habitat during the group trials.
Epibiotic bacteria associated with the filamentous marine cyanobacterium
were explored as a novel source of antibiotics and to establish whether they can produce cyclodepsipeptides on their own. ...Here, we report the isolation of micrococcin P1 (
) (C
H
N
O
S
; obs.
/
1144.21930/572.60381) and micrococcin P2 (
) (C
H
N
O
S
; obs.
/
1142.20446/571.60370) from a strain of
isolated from
' filaments. Interestingly, most bacteria isolated from
' filaments were found to be human pathogens. Stalked diatoms on the filaments suggested a possible terrestrial origin of some epibionts. CuSO
·5H
O assisted differential genomic DNA isolation and phylogenetic analysis showed that a Kenyan strain of
differed from
strain CCAP 1446/4 and
clones. Organic extracts of the epibiotic bacteria
and
did not produce cyclodepsipeptides. Further characterization of 24 Firmicutes strains from
identified extracts of
as most active. Our results showed that the genetic basis for synthesizing micrococcin P1 (
), discovered in
ATCC 14579, is species/strain-dependent and this reinforces the need for molecular identification of
species worldwide and their epibionts. These findings indicate that
-associated bacteria are an overlooked source of antimicrobial compounds.
The costs and benefits of a particular behavioural trait, such as boldness or aggression, may vary depending on the physical environment. We tested whether the common practice of adding physical ...structure (i.e. boulders) to streams to increase salmonid density has behavioural consequences, as open habitats are predicted to favour individuals that are more bold and aggressive. Wild young-of-the-year Atlantic salmon were captured from habitats of varying physical complexity and placed into seminatural stream enclosures for 11 days while their behaviour was observed and tested in both open and structurally complex environments. We found evidence for personality, or consistent individual behavioural differences across contexts, for avoidance and site attachment, with repeatabilities of 0.287 and 0.206, respectively, but not for activity or frequency of aggression. Fish were significantly more active and aggressive in the open habitats, and more site-attached in the complex habitats. Active and aggressive fish also grew more in the wild, while site-attached fish grew less in the wild, but more in the enclosures. However, contrary to our expectation, the complexity of the original habitat was not a significant predictor of personality. Our results suggest stream restorations involving increasing habitat complexity will alter the behaviour of young-of-the-year Atlantic salmon, but will not favour any particular personality types.
•Evidence for personality in wild young-of-the-year Atlantic salmon.•No relationship between habitat complexity and personality.•Improving habitat complexity alters salmonid behaviour, not personality.
•We found support for the threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis.•Males favored courtship over forced mating under acute predation risk.•Individuals decreased their rates of foraging and most ...mate behaviour under AC.•Females were more aggressive and more threat-sensitive than males.
The intensity of mate competition is often influenced by predation pressure. The threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis predicts that prey should precisely adjust their fitness-related activities to the level of perceived acute predation risk and this effect should be stronger under high background risk. Individuals should compensate during periods of moderate risk for lost opportunities during high risk. Our study examined the interaction between acute and background predation risk on mate competition. Under laboratory conditions, we explored the effects of acute risk (low vs. high) using chemical alarm cue (AC; control (results presented in Chuard et al. (2016)) The effects of adult sex ratio on mating competition in male and female guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in two wild populations. Behav Process 129:1−10), 25 % concentration, and 100 % concentration), and population of origin (low vs. high background risk) on mate competition in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Surprisingly, males favored courtship over forced mating under acute predation risk irrespective of background risk, potentially benefiting from a female preference for bold males. We discuss our results in the context of chemical threat-sensitivity and resource differences in defendability (e.g. mates vs. food).
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