Stream-dwelling salmonid populations are generally thought to be composed of both relatively mobile and sedentary individuals, but this conclusion is primarily based on results obtained from ...recapture methods with low temporal resolution. In this study, the mobility of 50 juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was monitored using a large array of passive integrated transponder antennas buried in the bed of a natural stream. Fish locations were recorded at a high frequency for a period of 3 months in a 65 m reach. Four types of daily behaviour were identified: stationary (detected primarily at one location), sedentary (limited movement between a few locations), floater (frequent movements in a restricted home range), and wanderer (movements across the reach). Most individuals exhibited low mobility on most days, but also showed occasional bouts of high mobility. Between-individual variability accounted for only 12%-17% of the variability in the mobility data. High mobility was more frequent at low flow, but no difference was observed between the summer (12-18 °C) and the autumn (4-12 °C). Individual variation on a daily basis suggested that movement behaviour is a response to changing environmental conditions rather than an individual behavioural trait.
Data Without Software Are Just Numbers Davenport, James Harold; Grant, James; Jones, Catherine Mary
Data science journal,
01/2020, Letnik:
19, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Great strides have been made to encourage researchers to archive data created by research and provide the necessary systems to support their storage. Additionally it is recognised that data are ...meaningless unless their provenance is preserved, through appropriate meta-data. Alongside this is a pressing need to ensure the quality and archiving of the software that generates data, through simulation, control of experiment or data-collection and that which analyses, modifies and draws value from raw data. In order to meet the aims of reproducibility we argue that data management alone is insufficient: it must be accompanied by good software practices, the training to facilitate it and the support of stakeholders, including appropriate recognition for software as a research output.
A range of nanophotonic sensors composed of different materials and device configurations have been developed over the past two decades. These sensors have achieved high performance in terms of ...sensitivity and detection limit. The size of onchip nanophotonic sensors is also small and they are regarded as a strong candidate to provide the next generation sensors for a range of applications including chemical and biosensing for point-of-care diagnostics. However, the apparatus used to perform measurements of nanophotonic sensor chips is bulky, expensive and requires experts to operate them. Thus, although integrated nanophotonic sensors have shown high performance and are compact themselves their practical applications are limited by the lack of a compact readout system required for their measurements. To achieve the aim of using nanophotonic sensors in daily life it is important to develop nanophotonic sensors which are not only themselves small, but their readout system is also portable, compact and easy to operate. Recognizing the need to develop compact readout systems for onchip nanophotonic sensors, different groups around the globe have started to put efforts in this direction. This review article discusses different works carried out to develop integrated nanophotonic sensors with compact readout systems, which are divided into two categories; onchip nanophotonic sensors with monolithically integrated readout and onchip nanophotonic sensors with separate but compact readout systems.
The activity of juvenile salmonids in streams varies between seasons, age classes, and times of day, but few studies have quantified the magnitude of individual variation in the behaviour of wild ...individuals. We monitored the activity patterns of 35 young-of-the-year (YOY) (fork length: 25.6-34.6 mm) and eight 1+ (fork length: 68.2-78.7 mm) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) over an 8-week summer field season. Age 1+ salmon were more active at night than during the day, whereas YOY fish were almost exclusively active during the day. However, daytime activity did not peak at 16-20 °C, the optimal water temperature range for growth determined in laboratory studies. Rather, the activity of 1+ fish peaked at 21 °C, whereas the activity of YOY fish continued to increase until 23 °C and then leveled off between 23 and 27 °C. There was also considerable individual variability within an age class in how fish responded to environmental variables that was often obscured by the average patterns. In a multiple logistic regression analysis for the activity of the 35 YOY, 18 responded significantly to time of day, 17 to water temperature, and 16 to day of the year. The causes of this individual variability and the consequences for growth and mortality deserve further study.
Sperm limitation is widespread across many animal species. Several mechanisms of sperm allocation have been proposed, including optimal allocation according to clutch size and equal allocation across ...females. However, considerably less effort has been directed at investigating the behavioural signals associated with sperm limitation in males, which may include mating rate and the intensity of courtship. We investigated whether multiple successive spawnings affect individual male fertilization success, mating rates and courtship rates in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Across an average of 17 spawning events per male, fertilization success decreased from 83.7 per cent for the first spawning to 40 per cent for the last spawning while courtship rate decreased from 3.4 to 1.5 min−1. Females appeared to respond to male sperm depletion by reducing clutch size. Our results suggest that male Japanese medaka are sperm-limited, and that courtship rate may be an honest indication of fertilization ability.
We report on the design and fabrication of a hybrid sensor that integrates transmission-mode localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) into a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) for studying ...biochemical surface reactions. The coupling of LSPR nanostructures and a QCM allows optical spectra and QCM resonant frequency shifts to be recorded simultaneously and analyzed in real time for a given surface adsorption process. This integration simplifies the conventional combination of SPR and QCM and has the potential to be miniaturized for application in point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. The influence of antibody-antigen recognition effect on both the QCM and LSPR has been analyzed and discussed.
•We hybridised a LSPR and QCM sensor that simultaneously records the optical and acoustic signal in real time for a given surface adsorption process to eliminate the variations of the experimental conditions.•We detailed the design and simulation of the hybridised LSPR and QCM device and experimentally assess its performance. The experimental data match well with the simulations, further proving the design concept.•We used the hybridised chip in a biologically relevant immunoassay showing its potential for practical biosensing.•Our technology provides a miniaturized dual sensor platform for simultaneous measurement that is compatible with incorporation into future point-of-care and portable devices.
According to some, when you do the right thing, your moral beliefs make no difference to your act’s moral worth. Huckleberry Finn believes he is doing something wrong in helping Jim escape slavery. ...Yet his act reflects well on him. Some conclude that acting rightly reflects just as well on you whether you believe you are doing something right, wrong, supererogatory, or neutral. I argue against this. Doing the right thing with certain moral beliefs can diminish the moral worth of doing it. In such cases, you do the right thing in the wrong spirit.
•Intrasexual aggression rates increased with adult sex ratio (ASR) in both sexes. The aggression rate of high-ambient predation risk males was not affected by ASR.•Male forced mating propensity ...increased with ASR but courtship propensity did not.•Aggression rates were lower in guppies under high ambient predation risk.•Female guppies were as aggressive as males when competing for mates.
When competing for mates, males typically exhibit higher rates of intrasexual aggression and courtship than females. Operational sex ratio, represented here by adult sex ratio (ASR) as a proxy, is likely the best predictor of this competition, which typically increases between members of one sex as members of the opposite sex become rarer. Moreover, in populations subject to high predation, males often decrease mating competitive behaviour due to predation risk. We explored the combined effects of ASR and population of origin (low vs. high ambient predation risk) on mating competition in male and female wild-caught Trinidadian guppies. Both male and female aggression rates increased with ASR, but the increase for males was only significant in the low-predation population. In regard to male mating tactics, courtship propensity was unaffected by ASR, while the propensity to sneak increased at male-biased ASRs. Guppies from a high predation population had lower aggression rates than their low predation counterpart, but male courtship and sneaking attempts did not differ between populations. Surprisingly, females were just as aggressive as males when competing for mates. These results highlight the trade-offs between antipredator and agonistic behaviour, which may affect sexual selection pressures in wild populations.
In "Who Are the Keepers of the Code? Articulating and Upholding Ethical Standards in the Field of Public Administration," James H. Svara provides a thoughtful discourse on the history of the American ...Society for Public Administration (ASPA), ethics codes, and public administration in general. Svara points out that the purpose of a code is to provide ethical standards to which the general public can hold the profession accountable. Enforcement, however, poses challenges.
PDF
