This paper provides a robust criterion for evaluating the allocation of opportunities among various groups. We envisage the problem of comparing these allocations from the view point of an ethical ...observer placed behind a veil of ignorance with respect to the group in which he/she could end up. We give justi…cation for such an ethical observer to evaluate these allocations of opportunities on the basis of an expected valuation of the expected utility of being in a group assuming an equal probability of falling in every group. We identify a criterion for comparing societies that is agreed upon by all such ethical observers who exhibit aversion to inequality of opportunities. The criterion happens to be a conic extension of zonotope inclusion criterion. We provide various interpretations of this criterion as well as some illustrations of its possible use, notably in the Indian context where we evaluate the inequalities of educational opportunities among castes and genders o¤ered by Indian states.
This paper provides a robust criterion for evaluating the allocation of opportunities among various groups. We envisage the problem of comparing these allocations from the view point of an ethical ...observer placed behind a veil of ignorance with respect to the group in which he/she could end up. We give justi…cation for such an ethical observer to evaluate these allocations of opportunities on the basis of an expected valuation of the expected utility of being in a group assuming an equal probability of falling in every group. We identify a criterion for comparing societies that is agreed upon by all such ethical observers who exhibit aversion to inequality of opportunities. The criterion happens to be a conic extension of zonotope inclusion criterion. We provide various interpretations of this criterion as well as some illustrations of its possible use, notably in the Indian context where we evaluate the inequalities of educational opportunities among castes and genders o¤ered by Indian states.
As IATA is adopting new boarding media for airplanes, cell phones are considered as the first candidate to replace traditional tickets. This will improve the efficiency of delivery, flight time ...update and boarding process. This evolution is made possible by displaying two-dimensional barcodes on the mobile device screen. The boarding process involves many steps and participants before one can access the plane. First, the traveler has to check-in to his flight, get his boarding pass. Then, he/she goes through the security gate, which leads to the boarding gate. Finally, the passenger accesses the plane. At every step of the process, he/she needs to show his/her paper boarding pass, which could be replaced by a more convenient media, like cell phones. Also, more than 500 different models of cell phones are available on the North American market, each having different characteristics. These characteristics must be known in order to achieve proper barcode delivery. This paper discusses the main challenge underlying the replacement of paper with barcodes over cell phones. It also proposes an experimental base to evaluate the adaptive models needed to fit the barcodes into every screen. The present work proved that it is possible to go through the entire boarding process using a mobile device as a boarding pass, if the barcode is specifically created to fit the user's cell phone screen. The information needed to create the barcode depends on the adaptive model. Simple models require more information, which takes a long time to collect. The proposed experimentation can be used to evaluate different models.
Les archives médiévales normandes conservent par centaines des informations menées par les magistrats royaux ou seigneuriaux. Qui les a parcourues connaît leur pouvoir de fascination. Dans le cadre ...d’un rituel formalisé, dont un article récent de Denise Angers éclaire les multiples dimensions et la fonction juridictionnelle, sont données des informations d’une précision remarquable, souvent rapportées dans les mots mêmes des témoins. Si on excepte les copies de la collection Lenoir, en partic...
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