Prevention Research Centers: Perspective for the Future Massoudi, Mehran S., PhD, MPH; Marcelin, Rose A., MPH; Young, Belinda-Rose, MSPH ...
American journal of preventive medicine,
03/2017, Letnik:
52, Številka:
3
Journal Article
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The Prevention Research Centers (PRC) Program began in 1984, when Congress authorized the DHHS to create a network of academic health centers to conduct applied public health prevention research. In ...1986, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was selected to provide leadership, technical assistance, and oversight for this network of PRCs. The PRCs are university-based research centers that undertake research-to-practice projects in health promotion and disease prevention. Their work demonstrates the use of new and innovative research in public health approaches that improve the health of the population, particularly those experiencing health disparities. PRCs partner with local, state, and national organizations on a variety of topics. PRCs tap into the expertise of diverse disciplines across their universities and beyond to address health issues and employ diverse methods appropriate to their research questions.
Purpose Although occupational factors have been associated with symptomatic ischemic heart disease, associations between job strain (low decision latitude and high psychological demands) and risk for ...subclinical atherosclerosis measured by coronary artery calcium (CAC) have not been assessed. Methods CAC was measured in 3695 participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study in 2000 to 2001 and 2005 to2006. Job characteristics measured by the demand-control model (psychological demands and decision latitude) were assessed in 1987 to 1988 and in 1995 to 1996. Associations between non-zero CAC and previous job characteristics and occupation were assessed, adjusting for potential covariates. Results Low decision latitude, high psychological demands, and job strain at either earlier examination were not associated with a positive CAC, nor were changes in the status of these job characteristics between 1987/1988 and 1995/1996. However, participants whose jobs were classified as managerial or professional in 1995/1996 were less likely to have a positive CAC than those in laborer occupations. Conclusions Job strain measured at two earlier time points was not related to the presence of CAC at follow-up 5 to 18 years later. The association between earlier occupation and CAC may reflect socioeconomic differences or other occupational, industrial, or labor market characteristics.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with cognitive impairment, but consequences of this association on a person's functional limitations are unclear. We examined the ...association between COPD and increased confusion and memory loss (ICML) and functional limitations among adults with COPD.
We studied adults aged 45 years or older in 21 states who participated in the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n = 102,739). Presence of COPD was based on self-reported physician diagnosis. ICML was based on self-report that confusion or memory loss occurred more often or worsened during the prior year. ICML-associated difficulties were defined as giving up household chores and former activities, decreased ability to work or engage in social activities, or needing help from family or friends during the prior year due to ICML. General limitations were defined as needing special equipment as a result of a health condition, having had activity limitations for 2 weeks or more in the prior month, or being unable to work. Multivariable models were adjusted for demographics, health behaviors or conditions, and frequent mental distress.
COPD was reported by 9.3% of adults. ICML was greater among those with COPD than among those without COPD (25.8% vs 11%; adjusted prevalence ratio aPR, 1.48; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.32%-1.66%). People with COPD, either with or without ICML, were more likely than those without COPD to report general functional limitations. Among people reporting ICML, those with COPD were more likely to report interference with work or social activities than those without COPD (aPR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.01%-1.36%).
Functional limitations were greater among those with COPD than among those without, and ICML may further affect these limitations. Results from our study can inform future studies of self- management and functional limitations for people with COPD.
The Prevention Research Centers Program Greenlund, Kurt J., PhD; Giles, Wayne H., MD, MS
American journal of preventive medicine,
9/2012, Letnik:
43, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators were first approved for use in the United States in 1985. Their efficacy in improving the survival of patients at risk for sudden cardiac death has been shown, ...and the number of patients eligible for ICDs has increased. Using data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS), hospitalizations for the implantation of ICDs were identified and age- and gender-specific rates and trends in hospitalizations for ICDs during the period from 1990 to 2005 were estimated. From 1990 to 2005, the estimated number of hospitalizations for the implantation of ICDs increased from 5,600 to >108,000 for the total United States population, and the estimated annual rate of hospitalizations for the implantation of ICDs increased 10-fold. The rate of ICD procedures was substantially greater in men than women, and the rate increased significantly with age, although there was no increase in ICD use in patients aged ≥75 years. In conclusion, as the list of clinical indications and insurance coverage for ICD use expand, continued surveillance to monitor trends in the use of ICDs is warranted.
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