Commercial diesel consists of hundreds of hydrocarbons such as alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics. The components of the fuel’s composition are what determine its physical and ignition properties, ...and their variations affect engine performance. In this study, n-heptane, n-dodecane, tetralin, and decalin were chosen as typical additives to blend with commercial diesel according to the China VI standard (Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicle Pollutant Emission Limits and Measurement Methods) in 20% and 50% volume fractions, respectively. The physical properties of the fuel blends, such as viscosity, density, cetane number (CN), and distillation range, were measured first. Then, the commercial diesel’s lower heat value was measured, and blended fuels were calculated accordingly. The CN of the blended fuel is tested by an Ignition Quality Tester (IQT), which is known as the derived cetane number (DCN). The results show that adding n-dodecane increases the value of DCN, while tetralin reduces the DCN, and n-heptane and decalin have negative effects. This study uses a type of WP12 diesel engine made by Weichai that meets China’s emission regulation 6. During the tests, the fuel injection strategy was kept as a pure diesel operation without any modifications. Compared with pure diesel operation, the bench test results show the following characteristics: the maximum torque output increased with increased decalin, followed by tetralin and n-dodecane, while n-heptane has a side effect compared to pure diesel operation. The addition of n-dodecane and n-heptane can reduce fuel consumption, while tetralin will increase it, and decalin has no obvious effect on fuel consumption. It was found that n-heptane increases HC and NOx emissions significantly. Furthermore, n-dodecane slightly increases CO, HC and NOx emissions. Decalin increases CO and HC emissions when mixed in a large proportion. In addition, tetralin causes a substantial increase in HC, CO and NOx emissions at medium and high loads.
Representative studies concerning the pharmacology of traditional medicine and active herbal products have been summarized over the past 12 months. This annual integrative pharmacology review ...encompasses research articles published during 2019 on the bioactive compounds and extracts used in traditional medicine. Reports highlighting the pharmacology progress of traditional medicine were specifically introduced, including artemisinin for cancer cell sensibility and induction to ferroptosis, rutin for neuroinflammation suppression,Ginseng Radixet Rhizoma for gut microbiota regulation against obesity, green tea and Pu-erh tea for metabolic syndrome, and marine-derived oligosaccharide (GV-971) from brown algae for anti-dementia. Moreover, novel TCM molecular targets and pharmacological mechanisms were trialed against different human diseases, including cancers, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, and metabolic diseases. Notably, herb-derived bioactive products have become important treatment alternatives for cancer research in 2019. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, together with diabetes and metabolic diseases, are ongoing research areas for traditional medicine. Moreover, inflammation and infectious disease are also attracting more attention by researchers, which might have been influenced by seasonal influenza or HIV/Ebola viral infections. Further traditional medicine investigations are required in neurodegenerative diseases, depression, and mental diseases. Taken together, the findings of the integrative pharmacology review in 2019 provide a vast number of novel lead compounds or drug candidates for future clinical agent development and also details a novel series of attractive therapeutic targets and molecular mechanisms for human diseases.
Oryza ridleyi is an allotetraploid wild species with the HHJJ genome, and Oryza sativa is a diploid cultivated rice that has the AA genome. Although the wide hybrid between the two species is ...difficult to obtain, we overcome this difficulty by young embryo rescue. An obvious heterosis was primarily found for the plant height, tillering ability, vegetative vigor, etc. However, the hybrid panicle and culm traits were found to resemble that of the wild rice parent, O. ridleyi, for the long awns, exoteric purple stigma, grain shattering, dispersed panicles, and culm mechanical strength. Genomic in situ hybridization （GISH） analysis was subsequently performed on the mitotic metaphase chromosome of the root tips, and we determined that the hybrid is an allotriploid with 36 chromosomes and its genomic constitution is AHJ. Chemical analyses conducted on the culm of O. sativa, O. ridleyi, and their interspecific hybrids showed that major changes occurred in the xylose, glucose, and arabinose concentrations, which are correlated with the specific hemicellulose polymer and cellulose components that are important in the primary cell walls of green plants. Meanwhile, the culm anatomical analyses indicated that additional large vascular bundles and an extra sclerenchyma cell layer were found in O. ridleyi. Additionally, further thickening of the secondary cell walls of the cortical fiber sclerenchyma cells and the phloem companion cells was discovered in O. ridleyi and in the interspecific hybrids. These results imply that there may be a potential link between culm mechanical strength and culm anatomical structure.
In the title compound, C
26
H
28
N
5
O
2
+
·Cl
−
·CH
3
OH {systematic name: 4-(2-carbamoyl-1-benzofuran-5-yl)-1-4-(5-cyano-1
H
-indol-3-yl)butylpiperazin-1-ium chloride methanol monosolvate}, the ...protonated piperazine ring adopts a chair conformation. The indole ring plane is nearly perpendicular to the benzofuran ring system, with a dihedral angle of 85.77 (2)°. In the crystal, the organic cations, Cl
−
anions and methanol solvent molecules are linked by classical N—H...O and N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, and weak C—H...O and C—H...π interactions into a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture.
To evaluate the diagnostic performance of different brands of immunochromatographic test (ICT) reagents for Chlamydia trachomatis using homogenized samples to provide a reference for reagent quality ...control.
Eight commercially available ICT reagents were evaluated, of which three used the latex method and five used the colloidal gold method. Analytical performance evaluation using a pure culture broth of C. trachomatis, as well as clinical application validation using cervical epithelial cell samples acquired from the research subjects, were conducted. The concentration of C. trachomatis was quantified using a nucleic acid amplification test.
The limit of detection (LOD) of different ICT reagents in the analytical performance evaluation varied from 9.5 × 103 to 1 × 105 IFU/mL, and only one reagent met the LOD specified in the manufacturer's instructions. Likewise, only one reagent in the clinical application validation achieved the analytical LOD, four reagents were 2.1–4.2-fold of the analytical LODs, and three reagents failed to detect positive results in clinical samples.
The diagnostic performance of different methods and different brands of ICT reagents in clinical practice was different from the manufacturer's instructions and the results of laboratory evaluation. The diagnostic performance of reagents should be evaluated before they are actually used in clinical practice.
The rapid visco analyser (RVA) profile is an important factor for evaluation of the cooking and eating quality of rice. To improve rice quality, the identification of new quantitative trait loci ...(QTLs) for RVA profiling is of great significance. We used a japonica rice cultivar Nipponbare as the recipient and indica rice 9311 as the donor to develop a population containing 38 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) genotyped by a high-throughput re-sequencing strategy. In this study, the population and the parent lines, which contained similar apparent amylose contents, were used to map the QTLs of RVA properties including peak paste viscosity (PKV), hot paste viscosity (HPV), cool paste viscosity (CPV), breakdown viscosity (BKV), setback viscosity (SBV), consistency viscosity (CSV), peak time (PeT) and pasting temperature (PaT). QTL analysis was carried out using one-way analysis of variance and Dunnett's test, and stable QTLs were identified over two years and under two environments. We identified 10 stable QTLs: qPKV2-1, qSBV2-1; qPKV5-1, qHPV5-1, qCPV5-1; qPKV7-1, qHPV7-1, qCPV7-1, qSBV7-1; and qPKV8-1 on chromosomes 2, 5, 7 and 8, respectively, with contributions ranging from −95.6% to 47.1%. Besides, there was pleiotropy in the QTLs on chromosomes 2, 5 and 7.
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) has been implicated in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of CaMKII on the damage to ...membrane skeleton proteins, which is an important cause of IR injury. Isolated rat hearts were subjected to 45-min global ischemia/2-h reperfusion. Both KN-62 and KN-93 were used to inhibit CaMKII. Compared with controls, the hearts in the IR group exhibited remarkable myocardial injury area, LDH release, cell apoptosis and contractile dysfunction, along with an increase in the phosphorylation of CaMKII and its substrate phospholamban. Treatment with either KN-62 or KN-93 mitigated both the heart injury and the phosphorylation of CaMKII and phospholamban. The analysis of cell skeleton proteins revealed that IR injury resulted in an increase in the 150-kDa fragments resulting from the degradation of α-fodrin and dystrophin translocating from the sarcolemmal membrane to the cytosol and a decrease in the 220-kDa isoform of ankyrin-B. As expected, Evans blue dye staining showed an increase in membrane permeability or membrane rupture in the IR group. All of these alterations were alleviated by treatment with either KN-62 or KN-93. In addition, both KN-62 and KN-93 blocked the activity and membrane recruitment of calpain, a key protease responsible for destroying cell skeleton proteins during IR injury. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that damage to membrane skeleton proteins via calpain is a destructive downstream event of CaMKII activation in the setting of myocardial IR injury.
•CaMKII inhibition blocks calpain activation and the damage to membrane skeleton proteins and sarcolemmal membrane integrity.•Damage to membrane skeleton proteins via calpain is a destructive downstream event of CaMKII activation in myocardial IR injury.
Most previous investigations on interference effects of tall buildings under wind actions focused on the wind induced interference effects between two buildings,and the interference effects of three ...or more buildings have seldom been studied so far due to the huge workload involved in experiments and data processing.In this paper,mean and dynamic force/response interference effects and peak wind pressure interference effects of two and three tall buildings,especially the three-building configuration,are investigated through a series of wind tunnel tests on typical tall building models using high frequency force balance technique and wind pressure measurements.Furthermore,the present paper focuses on the effects of parameters,including breadth ratio and height ratio of the buildings and terrain category,on the interference factors and derives relevant regression results for the interference factors.
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