The proteomics analysis of wheat leaf under salt stress, we found out some key proteins for salt resistance and illuminated some mechanism.
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► 2D-DIGE was used for the first time to ...identify salt response proteins in wheat. ► More salt concentrations reveal more detailed information salt response proteins. ► Some very important proteins were identified in the elite cultivar Zhengmai 9023. ► The results provide biochemical bases for the good salt tolerance of Zhengmai 9023.
Salt stress is a major abiotic stress that limits agricultural productivity in many regions of the world. To understand the molecular basis of the salt stress response in wheat (
Triticum aestivum L.), a proteomic approach was used to identify the salt stress-responsive proteins in an elite Chinese wheat cultivar, Zhengmai 9023, which exhibits a high yield, superior gluten quality and better biotic resistance. Three-week-old seedlings were treated with NaCl of four different concentrations (1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5%). The total proteins from the leaves of untreated and NaCl-treated plants were extracted and separated by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). A total of 2358 protein spots were detected on the gels, among which 125 spots showed a significant change in protein abundance, and 83 differentially expressed spots were localised on preparative gels. Using Q-TOF mass spectrometry, 52 salt-responsive spots were identified, which were classified into six functional categories that included transport-associated proteins, detoxifying enzymes, ATP synthase, carbon metabolism, protein folding, and proteins with unknown biological functions. Of the 52 differentially expressed proteins, 26 were up-regulated, 21 were down-regulated, and five spots showed multi-expression patterns. In particular, some important proteins for salt tolerance were found to be up-regulated in Zhengmai 9023 under salt stress, such as H
+-ATPases, glutathione S-transferase, ferritin and triosephosphate isomerase.
Genetic selection for improved climatic resilience is paramount to increase the long-term sustainability of high-producing dairy cattle, especially in face of climate change. Various physiological ...indicators, such as rectal temperature (RT), respiration rate score (RR), and drooling score (DS), can be used to genetically identify animals with more effective coping mechanisms in response to heat stress events. In this study, we investigated genetic parameters for RT, RR (score from 1–3), and DS (score from 1–3). Furthermore, we assessed the genetic relationship among these indicators and other economically important traits for the dairy cattle industry. After data editing, 59,265 (RT), 30,290 (RR), and 30,421 (DS) records from 13,592 lactating Holstein cows were used for the analyses. Variance components were estimated based on a multiple-trait repeatability animal model. The heritability ± standard error estimate for RT, RR, and DS was 0.06 ± 0.01, 0.04 ± 0.01, and 0.02 ± 0.01, respectively, whereas their repeatability was 0.19, 0.14, and 0.14, respectively. Moderate genetic correlations of RR with RT and DS (0.26 ± 0.11 and 0.25 ± 0.16) and nonsignificant correlation between RT and DS (−0.11 ± 0.14) were observed. Furthermore, the approximate genetic correlations between RT, RR, and DS with 12 production, 29 conformation, 5 fertility and reproduction, 5 health, and 9 longevity-indicator traits were assessed. In general, the approximate genetic correlations calculated were low to moderate. In summary, 3 physiological indicators of heat stress response were measured in a large number of animals and shown to be lowly heritable. There is a value in developing a selection index including all the 3 indicators to improve heat tolerance in dairy cattle. All the unfavorable genetic relationships observed between heat tolerance and other economically important traits can be accounted for in a selection index to enable improved climatic resilience while also maintaining or increasing productivity in Holstein cattle.
Visual analytics systems integrate interactive visualizations and machine learning to enable expert users to solve complex analysis tasks. Applications combine techniques from various fields of ...research and are consequently not trivial to evaluate. The result is a lack of structure and comparability between evaluations. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of evaluations in the field of human‐centered machine learning. We particularly focus on human‐related factors that influence trust, interpretability, and explainability. We analyze the evaluations presented in papers from top conferences and journals in information visualization and human‐computer interaction to provide a systematic review of their setup and findings. From this survey, we distill design dimensions for structured evaluations, identify evaluation gaps, and derive future research opportunities.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a severe lung disease characterized by long‐term breathing problems. A series of studies have indicated that the glutathione S‐transferase genes M1 and ...T1 are associated with COPD susceptibility; however, the result still remains inconclusive. This meta‐analysis was performed to estimate the effect of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms in COPD risk. Eligible case‐control studies published between January 2000 and December 2017 was searched and retrieved. A total of 37 articles were screened out, including 4674 COPD patients and 5006 controls. Overall, our results found that GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes significantly increased the risk of COPD (GSTM1: odds ratio OR = 1.52, 95% confidence interval CI = 1.31‐1.77, P <.00001; GSTT1: OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.09‐1.50, P = .003). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity suggested that there was a close association between GSTM1 null polymorphism and COPD susceptibility in each studied ethnicity, while GSTT1 null polymorphism only showed association with Asian COPD patients. Moreover, we also found that joint GSTM1/GSTT1 null genotypes showed a high association with increased COPD susceptibility (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.21‐1.66, P < .0001). In conclusion, our results indicated that GSTM1 null, GSTT1 null, and the combined GSTM1/GSTT1 null genotypes might be risk factors in the development of COPD. However, future case‐control studies with large‐scale participants are still required to further estimate these associations.
Pretreatment with dilute sulfuric acid of silvergrass was compared with the pretreatment’s effect on other commonly used lignocellulosic materials, namely rice straw and bagasse, in order to evaluate ...the potential of this feedstock for ethanol production. The highest yield of xylose from silvergrass was between 70% and 75%, which was similar to bagasse. However, silvergrass gave a higher level of fermentability than bagasse using the hydrolysate because less acetic acid was formed. The release of sugars resulted in an about 2.0-fold increase in specific surface area of the pretreated silvergrass. Increasing the specific surface area did not obviously enhance enzymatic digestibility. The hydrophilicity of the acid pretreated silvergrass was characterized using its Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The increase in hydrophilicity may enhance enzymatic adsorption onto lignin and increase the accumulation of cellobiose for enzymatic hydrolysis as pretreatment severity increases.
This paper reports on ectoparasitic chigger mites found on small mammals in Yunnan Province, southwest China. Data were accumulated from 19 investigation sites (counties) between 2001 and 2009. A ...total of 10 222 small mammal hosts were captured and identified; these represented 62 species, 34 genera and 11 families in five orders. From the body surfaces of these 10 222 hosts, a total of 92 990 chigger mites were collected and identified microscopically. These represented 224 species, 22 genera and three subfamilies in the family Trombiculidae (Trombidiformes). Small mammals were commonly found to be infested by chigger mites and most host species harboured several species of mite. The species diversity of chigger mites in Yunnan was much higher than diversities reported previously in other provinces of China and in other countries. A single species of rodent, Eothenomys miletus (Rodentia: Cricetidae), carried 111 species of chigger mite, thus demonstrating the highest species diversity and heaviest mite infestation of all recorded hosts. This diversity is exceptional compared with that of other ectoparasites. Of the total 224 mite species, 21 species accounted for 82.2% of all mites counted. Two species acting as major vectors for scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease), Leptotrombidium scutellare and Leptotrombidium deliense, were identified as the dominant mite species in this sample. In addition to these two major vectors, 12 potential or suspected vector species were found. Most species of chigger mite had a wide range of hosts and low host specificity. For example, L. scutellare parasitized 30 species of host. The low host specificity of chigger mites may increase their probability of encountering humans, as well as their transmission of scrub typhus among different hosts. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that similarities between different chigger mite communities on the 18 main species of small mammal host did not accord with the taxonomic affinity of the hosts. This suggests that the distribution of chigger mites may be strongly influenced by the environment in which hosts live.
Marfan syndrome (MFS), a relatively common autosomal dominant hereditary disorder of connective tissue with prominent manifestations in the skeletal, ocular, and cardiovascular systems, is caused by ...mutations in the gene for fibrillin-1 (FBN1). The leading cause of premature death in untreated individuals with MFS is acute aortic dissection, which often follows a period of progressive dilatation of the ascending aorta. Recent research on the molecular physiology of fibrillin and the pathophysiology of MFS and related disorders has changed our understanding of this disorder by demonstrating changes in growth factor signalling and in matrix-cell interactions. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the molecular biology of fibrillin and fibrillin-rich microfibrils. Mutations in FBN1 and other genes found in MFS and related disorders will be discussed, and novel concepts concerning the complex and multiple mechanisms of the pathogenesis of MFS will be explained.
On-demand spin orientation with a long polarized lifetime and an easily detectable signal is the ultimate goal for spintronics. However, there still exists a trade-off between controllability and ...stability of spin polarization, awaiting a significant breakthrough. Here, we demonstrate switchable optomagnet effects in(Fe1−xZnx)2Mo3O8, from which we can obtain tunable magnetization (spanning from−40%to 40% of a saturated magnetization) that is created from zero magnetization in the antiferromagnetic state without magnetic fields. It is accomplishable by utilizing circularly polarized laser pulses to excite spin-flip transitions in polar antiferromagnets that have no spin canting, traditionally hard to control without very strong magnetic fields. The spin controllability in(Fe1−xZnx)2Mo3O8originates from its polar structure that breaks the crystal inversion symmetry, allowing distinct on-sited−dtransitions for selective spin flip. By chemical doping, we exploit the phase competition between antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic states to enhance and stabilize the optomagnet effects, which result in long-lived photoinduced Kerr rotations. The present study creating switchable giant optomagnet effects in polar antiferromagnets sketches a new blueprint for the function of antiferromagnetic spintronics.
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