Purpose: Measures of grammatical accuracy are effective measures of children's language skills. However, many measures, such as percent grammatical utterances, were developed for children who speak ...General American English (GAE) and, therefore, may not be appropriate for students who speak other dialects. This study examines different scoring systems for a picture description task to explore the impact of different systems for children who speak African American English (AAE). Method: Eighteen preschool-age children who speak AAE completed a play-based language sample and a picture description task. The Index of Productive Syntax (IPSyn) was calculated for the play-based language samples and used as the reference measure. The picture description task was scored using four scoring systems: an expansive AAE scoring system, a GAE scoring system, and two strategic scoring systems. Scores were compared for each scoring system, and correlations between IPSyn scores and picture description scores were conducted. Results: Scores on the picture description task were highest in the expansive AAE scoring system, followed by scores in the strategic scoring systems, all of which were higher than scores in the GAE scoring system. There was a significant correlation between IPSyn scores and picture description scores when using the GAE scoring system and the strategic scoring systems, but not when using the expansive AAE scoring system. Conclusions: Different scoring systems affect AAE-speaking preschoolers' scores on measures of grammatical accuracy, and the use of an expansive AAE scoring system, based on lists of nonmainstream features, may diminish the ability to differentiate between children with different ability levels. Future research is needed to refine scoring systems and to explore the validity of different scoring systems for detecting differences between preschoolers who speak AAE, with and without developmental language disorder.
A convenient and practical synthetic route to α-ketoamides from bromoalkynes and anilines through phototriggered organic transformations via a C–N cross-coupling and an oxidation of CC was ...developed. The reaction could be furnished without an external photocatalyst at ambient conditions, and a wide range of α-ketoamides were obtained in good yields.
A highly regioselective and stereoselective addition of alkyl bromides (amino-brominated aromatic β,β-dicyanoalkenes) to arylacetylenes by photoredox catalysis was developed. This difunctionalization ...of arylacetylenes was accomplished under ambient and metal-free conditions to produce alkenyl bromides in high efficiency with a wide range of group tolerance.
Measurement of the ground reaction forces (GRF) during walking is typically limited to laboratory settings, and only short observations using wearable pressure insoles have been reported so far. In ...this study, a new proxy measurement method is proposed to estimate the vertical component of the GRF (vGRF) from wearable accelerometer signals. The accelerations are used as the proxy variable. An orthogonal forward regression algorithm (OFR) is employed to identify the dynamic relationships between the proxy variables and the measured vGRF using pressure-sensing insoles. The obtained model, which represents the connection between the proxy variable and the vGRF, is then used to predict the latter. The results have been validated using pressure insoles data collected from nine healthy individuals under two outdoor walking tasks in non-laboratory settings. The results show that the vGRFs can be reconstructed with high accuracy (with an average prediction error of less than 5.0%) using only one wearable sensor mounted at the waist (L5, fifth lumbar vertebra). Proxy measures with different sensor positions are also discussed. Results show that the waist acceleration-based proxy measurement is more stable with less inter-task and inter-subject variability than the proxy measures based on forehead level accelerations. The proposed proxy measure provides a promising low-cost method for monitoring ground reaction forces in real-life settings and introduces a novel generic approach for replacing the direct determination of difficult to measure variables in many applications.
This paper provides a comprehensive review of urban transportation network design problems according to CiteSpace, including main problem classifications, mathematical models, and solution methods ...obtained from CiteSpace clusters. The review attempts to present the systematic picture of urban transportation network design and show the future directions of it.
Oxide-supported single-metal-atom catalysts have shown extraordinary catalytic properties for a water–gas shift (WGS) reaction. Herein, a series of single metal atoms (M = Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, and Pt) ...embedded in cation (Ti) or oxygen vacancy on the surface of rutile TiO2(110) are systematically studied. We found that different types of single atoms or different embedded styles of single atoms will have significantly different effects on the reaction mechanism of the WGS reaction. On the embedded cation (Ti) catalyst (M@Ti1–x O2), the dominant pathway of the WGS reaction follows the redox mechanism, but the carboxyl pathway is preferred on the embedded oxygen vacancy catalyst (M@TiO2–x ). For the redox pathways on M@Ti1–x O2, we found that the adsorption strength of CO is related to its activation. For the association mechanism pathway on M@TiO2–x , it is found that the Gibbs free energies of different single atoms are similar. However, unlike M@Ti1–x O2, the active site of the WGS reaction is no longer directly above the single atom but on the Ti atom adjacent to the single atom. Finally, a Brønsted–Evans–Polanyi (BEP) relationship between the Gibbs free energy of the transition state and adsorption free energy of the reactant gas molecule (CO) is provided, which can be used as a relative quantity to describe the single-atom catalyst (SAC) reaction. Our results could provide some useful information on the design of new single-atom catalyst systems.
Polysaccharide peptides from Ganoderma lucidum (GLPP) have the potential to ameliorate lipid metabolic disorders, in part through modulating specific gut microbiota and regulating the mRNA expression ...levels of the genes involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism, suggesting GLPP as a potential novel functional food for the treatment or prevention of hyperlipidaemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis.
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•GLPP have the potential to prevent serum and hepatic lipid metabolic disorders.•GLPP attenuate high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and gut microbiota dysbiosis.•GLPP modulate the relative abundance of functionally relevant enterotypes.•mRNA expressions levels involved in bile acids homeostasis were regulated by GLPP.•GLPP modulate lipid metabolism via the catabolism of cholesterol into bile acids.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of polysaccharide peptides from Ganoderma lucidum (GLPP) on hyperlipidaemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis in high-fat diet (HFD)-exacerbated hypercholesterolemic rats. Results showed that oral administrations of GLPP markedly alleviated the dyslipidaemia through decreasing the serum levels of triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (TC), free fatty acids (FFA) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and significantly suppressing hepatic lipid accumulation and steatosis. Metagenomic analysis revealed that GLPP supplementation produced significant structure changes on the intestinal microbiota in HFD-fed rats, in particular modulating the relative abundance of functionally relevant microbial phylotypes compared with the HFD group. The Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that the serum and hepatic lipid profiles were negatively correlated with Jeotgalicoccus, Ignavigranum, Sporosarcina, Bacteroides, Anaerovorax, Parasutterella, Alistipes and Alloprevotella, but positively correlated with Allobaculum, Phascolarctobacterium, Psychrobacter, Enterorhabdus, Blautia and Roseburia. Meanwhile, the GLPP treatment regulated the mRNA expression responsible for hepatic lipid metabolism and promoted fecal excretion of total bile acids (BAs). These findings indicated that GLPP ameliorate lipid metabolic disorders through modulating gut microbiota structure and regulating the genes involved in hepatic lipid and cholesterol metabolism.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative contribution of socioeconomic status (SES) on three grammatical measures--finite verb morphology composite (FVMC), percent grammatical ...utterances (PGU), and clausal density--in children between the ages of 4 and 9 years. Method: Data for this study were from the normative sample in the Edmonton Narrative Norms Instrument. For 359 children, hierarchical linear regression was performed to evaluate the amount of variance in FVMC, PGU, and clausal density that was uniquely explained by SES after accounting for child chronological age and language status (typical, impaired). Results: After child age and language status were controlled, SES was a significant predictor of PGU and clausal density scores, but not of FVMC scores. SES uniquely accounted for 0.5% of variance in PGU scores and 0.8% of variance in clausal density scores. Conclusions: Consistent with maturational accounts of children's development of tense markers, results of this study offer evidence that, among grammatical measures, FVMC is uniquely robust to variation in SES. Although significant, the variance of PGU and clausal density scores uniquely accounted for by SES was close to minimum. Clinicians can therefore include these three grammatical measures for assessing children of different socioeconomic backgrounds.
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