The novel protein elicitor GP1pro is the protein component of glycoprotein GP‐1 isolated and identified from Streptomyces kanasensis ZX01. GP1pro induces the production of reactive oxygen species ...(ROS) and a hypersensitive response (HR), along with the accumulation of resistance‐related genes and secondary metabolites. It ultimately regulates plant defence responses. Further analysis revealed that GP1pro interacts with the PIP2‐family aquaporin protein NbPIP2;4 on the plant plasma membrane (PM) in Nicotiana benthamiana. PM localization is necessary for inducing GP1pro resistance. These results demonstrate that NbPIP2;4 acts as a H2O2 transporter to positively regulate plant immunity and ROS accumulation. In summary, this study elucidates a conserved and novel pathway caused by GP1pro to initiate host cellular defences by targeting the plant aquaporin protein NbPIP2;4 and transporting apoplast‐to‐cytoplast H2O2 to regulate plant immunity.
Summary Statement
We found a protein elicitor from actinomycetes that interacts with the tobacco aquaporin NbPIP2;4 to regulate plant immunity and enhance tobacco disease resistance. This provides a basis for the development of protein elicitors for green plant protection strategies.
Electroencephalography (EEG)-based emotion recognition has gained widespread attention recently. Although many deep learning methods have been proposed, it is still challenging to simultaneously fuse ...information in the time–frequency–spatial domain. This paper proposes an attention mechanism-guided dual-feature multi-path interaction network (ADMIN) for emotion recognition. Firstly, the original EEG signal is divided into five frequency bands, and then, differential entropy features and zero crossing rate features are extracted separately. These features are further converted into a two-dimensional (2D) expanded map based on the position of electrodes in the brain area, which is beneficial for the exploration of spatial-frequency information. Next, we transform the generated 2D expanded maps into a 3D cuboid that can simultaneously integrate temporal, frequency, and spatial information as input. Subsequently, the 3D cuboid is processed through convolutional neural network to extract frequency and spatial information from the EEG signals. By embedding the attention mechanism combined with gated recurrent unit, the temporal information can be extracted, which not only solves the problem of long-term dependencies but also strengthens the utilization of key temporal information. We conduct extensive experiments on SEED and DEAP datasets, and the results show that the ADMIN model achieves state-of-the-art performance.
Aims
Diabetic osteoporosis (DOP) is the most common secondary form of osteoporosis. Diabetes mellitus affects bone metabolism; however, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. ...Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) expression is upregulated in conditions characterized by vascular injury, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes. Additionally, Notch, HIF-1α, and VEGF are involved in angiogenesis and bone formation. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the expression of Notch, HIF-1α, and VEGF in the LOX-1 silencing state.
Methods
Rat bone H-type vascular endothelial cells (THVECs) were isolated and cultured in vitro. Cell identification was performed using immunofluorescent co-expression of CD31 and Emcn. Lentiviral silencing vector (LV-LOX-1) targeting LOX-1 was constructed using genetic recombination technology and transfected into the cells. The experimental groups included the following: NC group, HG group, LV-LOX-1 group, LV-CON group, HG + LV-LOX-1 group, HG + LV-CON group, HG + LV-LOX-1 + FLI-06 group, HG + LV-CON + FLI-06 group, HG + LV-LOX-1 + LW6 group, and HG + LV-CON + LW6 group. The levels of LOX-1, Notch, Hif-1α, and VEGF were detected using PCR and WB techniques to investigate whether the expression of LOX-1 under high glucose conditions has a regulatory effect on downstream molecules at the gene and protein levels, as well as the specific molecular mechanisms involved.
Results
High glucose (HG) conditions led to a significant increase in LOX-1 expression, leading to inhibition of angiogenesis, whereas silencing LOX-1 can reverse this phenomenon. Further analysis reveals that changes in LOX-1 will promote changes in Notch/HIF-1α and VEGF. Moreover, Notch mediates the activation of HIF-1α and VEGF.
Conclusions
The activation of LOX-1 and the inhibition of Notch/HIF-1α/VEGF in THVECs are the main causes of DOP. These findings contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of DOP and offer a novel approach for preventing and treating osteoporosis.
Brain–computer interface (BCI) technology based on electroencephalogram (EEG) has attracted widespread attention, among which interpretation, pattern recognition, and classification of brain activity ...through EEG are promising researches. However, EEG-based object classification is still confronted with enormous challenges in terms of the performance and interpretability of human brain signals. Accordingly, this paper constructs a novel hybrid dilation residual shrinkage network with Spatio-temporal feature fusion to research brain visual images classification. Inspired by visual attention and brain memory mechanisms, a hybrid dilation residual shrinkage module is designed to obtain the features of interest and reduce noise and redundant information. Then, EEG signals are encoded and stored in terms of the temporal and spatial dimensions, respectively. On the basis of the characteristics of the EEG signals, this work utilizes the gated recurrent unit network to generate temporal features and spatial features are obtained through a 2D hybrid dilation convolution module. Finally, the extracted spatio-temporal features are concatenated and then retrieved. Results indicate that the designed model is usable and effective. The proposed network achieves better classification performance compared with the existing methods.
The development of facile and cost-effective strategies for hydrogels with multifunctionality is of great scientific interest. In this work, a series of poly (vinyl alcohol)/tannic acid (PVA/TA) ...composite hydrogels were facilely prepared by gamma radiation of a PVA solution and subsequent soaking treatment in TA solutions. The chemical composition, transparency, microstructure, mechanical property and antibacterial activity of the resulting composite hydrogels were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, tensile measurements and an antibacterial test, respectively. The introduction of TA into the gamma radiation-induced chemically cross-linked networks of PVA hydrogels via the soaking treatment, which forms the second physically cross-linked networks, endows the PVA hydrogels with improved mechanical performance. The tensile strength, toughness and elongation at break of the composite hydrogel were increased by 1500 % (from 18 kPa to 254 kPa), 3600 % (from 8.5 kJ m
−3
to 315 kJ m
−3
) and 360 % (from 87 to 403 %), respectively. Meanwhile, high transparency of the neat irradiated PVA hydrogels was maintained in the obtained composite hydrogels (transmittance over 60 % at 660 nm). The strong hydrogen bonding interaction between PVA and TA within the networks serves as sacrificial bonds and suppresses the crystallinity of the PVA hydrogels. In addition, the composite hydrogels also possess superior antibacterial activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. This work provided a simple approach for the construction of multifunctional hydrogels on large-scale preparation, thus would hopefully promote their applications in biomedicine, wound dressings and soft devices.
The kinase PDK1 is a crucial regulator for immune cell development by connecting PI3K to downstream AKT signaling. However, the roles of PDK1 in CD4
T cell differentiation, especially in T follicular ...helper (Tfh) cell, remain obscure. Here we reported PDK1 intrinsically promotes the Tfh cell differentiation and germinal center responses upon acute infection by using conditional knockout mice. PDK1 deficiency in T cells caused severe defects in both early differentiation and late maintenance of Tfh cells. The expression of key Tfh regulators was remarkably downregulated in PDK1-deficient Tfh cells, including
,
,
, and
. Mechanistically, ablation of PDK1 led to impaired phosphorylation of AKT and defective activation of mTORC1, resulting in substantially reduced expression of Hif1α and p-STAT3. Meanwhile, decreased p-AKT also suppresses mTORC2-associated GSK3β activity in PDK1-deficient Tfh cells. These integrated effects contributed to the dramatical reduced expression of TCF1 and ultimately impaired the Tfh cell differentiation.
Water is an important factor that affects local ecological environments, especially in drylands. The hydrological cycle and vegetation dynamics in Central Asia (CA) have been severely affected by ...climate change. In this study, we employed data from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS), Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model, and Climate Research Unit to analyze the spatiotemporal changes in hydrological factors (terrestrial water storage (TWS), evapotranspiration, precipitation, and groundwater) in CA from 2003 to 2015. Additionally, the spatiotemporal changes in vegetation dynamics and the influence of hydrological variables on vegetation were analyzed. The results showed that the declining rates of precipitation, evapotranspiration, GRACE-TWS change, GLDAS-TWS change and GW change were 0.40 mm/year, 0.11 mm/year, 50.46 mm/year (
p
< 0.05), 8.38 mm/year, and 41.18 mm/year (
p
< 0.05), respectively. Human activity (e.g., groundwater pumping) was the dominant in determining the GW decline in CA. Precipitation dominated the changes in evapotranspiration, GRACE-TWS and GLDAS-TWS (
p
< 0.05). The 2- to 3-month lagging signal has to do with the transportation from the ground surface to groundwater. The change in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from 2003 to 2015 indicated the slight vegetation degradation in CA. The results highlighted that precipitation, terrestrial water storage, and soil moisture make important contributions to the vegetation dynamics changes in CA. The effect of precipitation on vegetation growth in spring was significant (
p
< 0.05), while the soil moisture effect on vegetation in summer and autumn was higher than that of precipitation.
The TRP channel superfamily was widely found in multiple species. They were involved in many extrasensory perceptions and were important for adapting to the environment. The migratory locust was one ...of the worldwide agricultural pests due to huge damage. In this study, we identified 13 TRP superfamily genes in the locust genome. The number of LmTRP superfamily genes was consistent with most insects. The phylogenetic tree showed that LmTRP superfamily genes could be divided into seven subfamilies. The conserved motifs and domains analysis documented that LmTRP superfamily genes contained unique characteristics of the TRP superfamily. The expression profiles in different organs identified LmTRP superfamily genes in the head and antennae, which were involved in sensory function. The expression pattern of different life phases also demonstrated that LmTRP superfamily genes were mainly expressed in third-instar nymphs and male adults. Our findings could contribute to a better understanding of the TRP channel superfamily gene and provide potential targets for insect control.
The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is of great importance for various renewable energy conversion technologies such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Heteroatom-doped carbon nanomaterials have ...proven to be robust metal-free electrocatalysts for ORR in the above-mentioned energy devices. Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis of novel highly porous N-doped carbon nanoplatelets (N-HPCNPs) derived from oatmeal (or a biological material) and we show the materials' high-efficiency as electrocatalyst for ORR. The obtained N-HPCNPs hybrid materials exhibit superior electrocatalytic activities towards ORR, besides excellent stability and good methanol tolerance in both basic and acidic electrolytes. The unique nanoarchitectures with rich micropores and mesopores, as well as the high surface area-to-volume ratios, present in the materials significantly increase the density of accessible catalytically active sites in them and facilitate the transport of electrons and electrolyte within the materials. Consequently, the N-HPCNPs catalysts hold a great potential to serve as low-cost and highly efficient cathode materials in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs).
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