Oxidative stress consistently affects lactation length and quality in dairy cows. Oxidative stress in the mammary gland of high-yielding dairy cows is a serious problem. Therefore, we studied the ...role of butyrate in dairy cow oxidative stress and further elucidated the mechanism of the antioxidative action of mammary epithelial cells in dairy cows. Oxidative stress and activated GPR109A were present in high-yielding dairy cows. Then, bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) were isolated, and oxidative stress-related protein expression was measured, confirming that sodium butyrate (NaB) exerted antioxidant effects through GPR109A, NRF2 and H3K9/14 acetylation. To further study the antioxidative mechanism of butyrate in dairy cows, we also confirmed that butyrate promoted NRF2 nuclear accumulation and H3K9/14 acetylation through the AMPK signaling pathway by western blotting. Additionally, we preliminarily clarified the interaction between NRF2 and H3K9/14 acetylation by Co-IP and ChIP. Butyrate activated the AMPK signaling pathway through GPR109A to promote NRF2 nuclear accumulation and H3K9/14 acetylation, subsequently exerting antioxidant effects through the synergistic functions of these two processes. Then, we studied the effect of butyrate on oxidative stress in dairy cows in vivo, and the results were consistent with those in vitro. Therefore, butyrate played an antioxidant and antiapoptotic role through the GPR109A/AMPK/NRF2 signaling pathway, while H3K9/14 acetylation could promote NRF2 transcription and enhance the antioxidant capacity of BMECs.
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•The mechanism of GPR109A in antioxidation was studied for the first time.•The interaction of Nrf2 and H3K9/14 in antioxidative stress was identified.•The effect of GPR109A on histone acetylation was preliminarily clarified.
Mastitis, an inflammation of mammary gland, is a serious disease that affects the health of dairy cows around the world. Myricetin, a flavonoid from Bayberry, has been reported to suppress various ...inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of myricetin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced in vivo and in vitro mastitis model and clarify the underlying mechanism. In vivo experiments, myricetin attenuated the severity of inflammatory lesion and neutrophil infiltration. Moreover, myricetin pretreatment induced a significant decrease in the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the production of TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1β triggered by LPS. Myricetin pretreatment could also increase the integrity of the blood–milk barrier and upregulate the tight junction proteins in LPS‐induced mice mastitis. In vitro, myricetin inhibited LPS‐induced inflammatory response in mice mammary epithelial cells (mMECs). In the further mechanism studies, we found that the anti‐inflammatory effect of myricetin was mediated by inhibiting LPS‐induced phosphorylation of AKT, IKK‐α, IκB‐α, and P65 in vivo and in vitro. Collectively, these data suggested that myricetin effectively ameliorated the inflammatory response by inhibiting the AKT/IKK/NF‐κB signaling pathway and repairing the integrity of blood–milk barrier in LPS‐induced mice mastitis.
Myricetin administration significantly alleviates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammatory response via inhibiting AKT/IKK/NF‐κB signaling pathway and repairing blood–milk barrier via upregulating the protein levels of claudin‐3, occludin, and ZO‐1 in LPS‐induce mice mastitis.
High‐producing dairy cows are prone to oxidative stress due to their high secretion and strong metabolism, and excessive oxidative stress may cause the apoptosis of bovine mammary epithelial cells ...(bMECs). Myricetin (Myr) has been shown to have a wide range of pharmaceutical activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Myr on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in bMECs and to clarify the underlying mechanism. bMECs were pretreated with or without Myr and then stimulated with H2O2. The results showed that Myr significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase levels and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in a model of oxidative stress induced by H2O2 in bMECs. Mechanistic studies found that Myr inhibited H2O2‐induced oxidative stress in bMECs through the adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase/nuclear factor erythroid‐2 related factor 2 (AMPK/NRF2) signaling pathway. Additional research found that Myr could also inhibit H2O2‐induced apoptosis in bMECs through NRF2. These data suggest that Myr effectively alleviated oxidative stress and apoptosis in H2O2‐induced bMECs through the activation of the AMPK/NRF2 signaling pathway.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) inhibited the activity of adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase/nuclear factor erythroid‐2 related factor 2 (AMPK/NRF2) signaling and promoted the release of reactive oxygen species in bovine mammary epithelial cells, which induced oxidative stress, damage mitochondria, and cause apoptosis. Myricetin administration significantly alleviated H2O2‐induced oxidative stress and the apoptosis response by activating AMPK/NRF2 signaling.
Previous studies have shown the effects of vitamins on the development of the mammary gland. However, the role of niacin in this process has not been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study is to ...investigate the effects of niacin on mammary gland development in pubertal mice and to use a mouse mammary epithelial cell line to study the underlying mechanism. The results showed that niacin could activate the AKT/mTOR and ERK signaling pathways and increase phosphorylation of 4EBP1 to promote the synthesis of cell proliferation markers, leading to the dissociation of the Rb-E2F1 complex in mMECs. In addition, 0.5% niacin promoted mammary duct development, increased the expression of cyclin D1/D3 and PCNA and activated Akt/mTOR and ERK1/2 in the mammary glands of pubertal mice. These results strongly suggest that niacin stimulates mammary gland development in pubertal mice through the Akt/mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.
It has been reported that the proliferation and apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells affect milk production. Therefore, ensuring adequate mammary epithelial cells is expected to enhance milk ...production. This study is devoted to studying the effects of kisspeptin‐10 (Kp‐10), a peptide hormone composed of 10 amino acids, on bovine mammary epithelial cell (bMEC) proliferation and exploring the underlying mechanism of its action. bMECs were treated with various concentrations of Kp‐10 (1, 10, 100, and 1,000 nM), and 100 nM Kp‐10 promoted the proliferation of the bMECs. Kp‐10 promoted the cell cycle transition from G1 to the S and G2 phases, increased the protein levels of Cyclin D1 and Cyclin D3, and reduced the expression levels of the p21 gene. This study also showed that inhibition of G protein‐coupled receptor 54 (GPR54), AKT, mTOR, and ERK1/2 reduced the proliferation of the bMECs that had been induced by Kp‐10. In addition, Kp‐10 decreased the complexes formed by Rb and E2F1 and increased the expression levels of the E2F1 target genes. These results indicate that Kp‐10 promotes bMEC proliferation by activating GPR54 and its downstream signaling pathways.
The proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells can increase milk production. We found that Kisspeptin‐10 promotes the proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells by activating the GPR54 and its downstream signaling pathways.
Mastitis is an acute clinical inflammatory response. The occurrence and development of mastitis seriously disturb women's physical and mental health. Licochalcone A, a phenolic compound in
, has ...anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we examined the effect of licochalcone A on blood-milk barrier and inflammatory response in LPS-induced mice mastitis.
, we firstly established mice models of mastitis by canal injection of LPS to mammary gland, and then detected the effect of licochalcone A on pathological indexes, inflammatory responses and blood-milk barrier in this model.
, Mouse mammary epithelial cells (mMECs) were treated with licochalcone A prior to the incubation of LPS, and then the inflammatory responses, tight junction which is the basic structure of blood-milk barrier were analyzed. Last, we elucidated the anti-inflammatory mechanism by examining the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase
MAPK) and AKT/NF-κB signaling pathways
and
.
The
results showed that licochalcone A significantly decreased the histopathological impairment and the inflammatory responses, and improved integrity of blood-milk barrier. The
results demonstrated that licochalcone A inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory responses and increase the protein levels of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin3 in mMECs. The
and
mechanistic study found that the anti-inflammatory effect of licochalcone A in LPS-induced mice mastitis was mediated by MAPK and AKT/NF-κB signaling pathways.
Our experiments collectively indicate that licochalcone A protected against LPS-induced mice mastitis via improving the blood-milk barrier integrity and inhibits the inflammatory response by MAPK and AKT/NF-κB signaling pathways.
Flexible wearable sensors have the characteristics of flexibility, comfort, and wearability, and have shown great potential in future electronic products. Despite significant efforts in developing ...stretchable electronic materials and structures, the development of flexible strain sensors with a wide temperature range, high sensitivity, broad detection range, and good interface stability remains challenging. Here, strain sensors with buckled structures are fabricated using high and low‐temperature resistant material Ti3C2Tx MXene/graphene, PDMS 184. The conductive material Ti3C2Tx MXene/graphene exhibits excellent interface interaction with PDMS 184, addressing not only the poor compatibility issue between the conductive material and the flexible substrate, but also demonstrating good stability and cycling performance. Buckled structure improves the stretchability and linearity of strain sensors. The fabricated strain sensor is suitable for a wide temperature range (−40 to 120 °C) and exhibits high stretchability (120% strain). The strain sensor demonstrates rapid response times at different temperatures: −40 (72.6 ms), 0 (62.7 ms), and 120 °C (52.7 ms). The strain sensor exhibits high sensitivity at different temperatures: −40 (GF = 0.38), 0 (GF = 0.24), 40 (GF = 0.66), and 120 °C (GF = 1.47). The strain sensor has a wide detection range (0.1% to 120%) and excellent cycling stability. In addition, Ti3C2Tx MXene/graphene strain sensors can accurately capture various human activities, such as blinking, speaking, finger bending, and wrist bending.
The authors developed strain sensors with buckled structures using high and low‐temperature resistant material Ti3C2Tx MXene/graphene, Polydimethylsiloxane 184. The conductive material Ti3C2Tx MXene/graphene exhibits excellent interface interaction with Polydimethylsiloxane 184, addressing not only the poor compatibility issue between the conductive material and the flexible substrate, but also demonstrating good sensing and cycling properties.
Peiminine, an alkaloid extracted from Fritillaria plants, has been reported to have potent anti-inflammatory properties. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of peiminine on a mouse ...lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis model remains to be elucidated. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of peiminine on LPS-induced mastitis in mice. LPS was injected through the canals of the mammary gland to generate the mouse LPS-induced mastitis model. Peiminine was administered intraperitoneally 1 h before and 12 h after the LPS injection. In vitro, mouse mammary epithelial cells (mMECs) were pretreated with different concentrations of peiminine for 1 h and were then stimulated with LPS. The mechanism of peiminine on mastitis was studied by hematoxylin-eosin staining (H&E) staining, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that peiminine significantly decreased the histopathological impairment of the mammary gland in vivo and reduced the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, peiminine inhibited the phosphorylation of the protein kinase B (AKT)/ nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2), and p38 signaling pathways both in vivo and in vitro. All the results suggested that peiminine exerted potent anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced mastitis in mice. Therefore, peiminine might be a potential therapeutic agent for mastitis.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease. Aβ plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Sodium butyrate (NaB) is a short-chain fatty acid salt that exerts ...neuroprotective effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and cognitive improvement in central nervous system diseases. The aim of this study is to research the protective effects of NaB on neurons against Aβ toxicity and to uncover the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that 2 mM NaB had a significant improvement effect on Aβ-induced N2a cell injury, by increasing cell viability and reducing ROS to reduce injury. In addition, by acting on the GPR109A receptor, NaB regulates the expression of AD-related genes such as APP, NEP, and BDNF. Therefore, NaB protects N2a cells from Aβ-induced cell damage through activating GPR109A, which provides an innovative idea for the treatment of AD.
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