•Advantages of both CHM-based and point-based methods are combined.•Crown width scales are estimated automatically based on gradient magnitudes.•Multi-scales segmented results are fused and optimized ...gradually.•Neighboring trees are separated based on probability density function splitting.
To obtain satisfying results of individual tree detection from LiDAR points, parameters using traditional methods usually need to be adjusted by trials and errors. When encountering complex forest environments, the detection accuracy cannot be satisfied. To resolve this, a multi-level self-adaptive individual tree detection method was presented in this paper. The proposed method can be seen as a hybrid model, which combined the strength of both raster-based and point-based methods. Raster-based strategy was first used for achieving initial trees detection results, while the point-based strategy was adopted for optimizing the clustered trees. In the proposed method, crown width scales were estimated automatically. Meanwhile, multi-scales segmented results were fused together to take advantage of segmented results of both larger and small scales. Six different coniferous forests were adopted for testing. Experimental result shows that this study achieved the lowest omission and commission errors comparing with other three classical approaches. Meanwhile, the average F1 score in this paper is 0.84, which is much highest out of other methods.
This paper proposes a solar-assisted hybrid combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system that consists of an internal combustion engine, solar heat collectors, an absorption heat pump, a heat ...exchanger, and a thermal storage tank. On the basis of thermodynamic modelling and validation, the hybrid system was investigated from its energy, exergy, exergo-economic and exergo-environmental performances. The heat storage ratio and supplemental heat ratio were defined to consider the dynamic off-design operations and evaluate the contributions of thermal storage and supplement under the static design conditions, whose impacts on system efficiency and unit cost of products were discussed. For a specific case study, the energy and exergy analyses with the Sankey diagrams indicated that the hybrid system achieves annual energy efficiency of 76.3% and exergy efficiency of 22.4%. The unit costs of products were determined using exergo-economic analysis based on energy level, and the costs of products including and excluding carbon dioxide emission cost were compared. Compared to the conventional CCHP system without solar energy, the hybrid system saves 11.3% of natural gas to reduce carbon dioxide emission and shortens the capital payback period by 1 year.
and
are saprophytic fungi which can infect and contaminate preharvest and postharvest food/feed with production of aflatoxins (B
, B
, and G). They are also an opportunistic pathogen causing ...aspergillosis diseases of animals and humans. In this study, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from
3-10 were found to be able to inhibit mycelial growth, sporulation, conidial germination, and expression of aflatoxin biosynthesis genes in
and
. On peanut kernels, the VOCs can also reduce the disease severity and inhibit the aflatoxins production by
and
under the storage conditions. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation showed that high dosage of the VOCs can inhibit conidial germination and colonization by the two species of
on peanut kernels. The VOCs also showed suppression of mycelial growth on 18 other plant pathogenic fungi and one Oomycetes organism. By using SPME-GC-MS, 19 major VOCs were detected, like in other
, 2-MIB was found as the main volatile component among the detected VOCs. Three standard chemicals, including methyl 2-methylbutyrate (M2M), 2-phenylethanol (2-PE), and β-caryophyllene (β-CA), showed antifungal activity against
and
. Among them, M2M showed highest inhibitory effect than other two standard compounds against conidial germination of
and
. To date, this is the first record about the antifungal activity of M2M against
and
. The VOCs from
3-10 did not affect growth of peanut seedlings. In conclusion, our results indicate that
3-10 may has a potential to become a promising biofumigant in for control of
and
.
Biofilms formed by pathogenic or spoilage microorganisms have become serious issues in the dairy industry, as this mode of life renders such microorganisms highly resistant to cleaning-in-place (CIP) ...procedures, disinfectants, desiccation, and other control strategies. The advent of omics techniques, especially the integration of different omics tools, has greatly improved our understanding of the features of microbial biofilms, and provided in-depth knowledge on developing effective methods that are directly against deleterious biofilms. This review provides novel insights into the single use of each omics tool and the application of multiomics tools to unravel the mechanisms of biofilm formation, specific molecular phenotypes exhibited by biofilms, and biofilm control strategies. Challenges and future perspective on the integration of omics tools for biofilm studies are also addressed.
•Novel modular BTMS with bionic channel liquid cooling plates (BC-LCP) is developed.•BC-LCP is designed with series cobweb channels and applied to battery packs.•Differentiated velocities are used ...and optimized to reduce temperature difference.•Differentiated velocities balance the cooling performance and power consumption.•The BTMS shows excellent cooling performances under harsh working conditions.
Bionic channel liquid cooling plates (BC-LCPs) show high heat dissipation performance in battery thermal management system (BTMS), but suffer from the poor temperature-equalizing ability. Herein, a BTMS with novel BC-LCPs and differentiated velocity distribution strategy is proposed to overcome the low temperature uniformity, and balance the cooling performance and power consumption. The BC-LCPs are firstly designed by precisely tailoring the series cobweb channels inspired by the bionic structures in the nature. Through systematic optimization combining single factor analysis with orthogonal test and complementary test, differentiated velocities (vI and vII) of 0.20 and 0.46 m∙s−1 are adopted, respectively. Ultimately, the LC system demonstrates exceptional cooling performance while maintaining lower energy consumption. For example, with a discharge rate of 3C and an environment temperature of 50 °C, the temperature and temperature difference of the battery pack are controlled synergistically below 30.9 and 4.47 °C, respectively. At the same time, the Ptotal can reach as low as 0.202 W, which is reduced by 42.0 % compared to the case with uniform velocity strategy.
A direct and straightforward approach for highly regioselective thiocyanation of imidazoheterocycles through sp2 C–H functionalization has been realized at room temperature. Various C-3 thiocyanated ...imidazopyridines are formed in moderate to good yield. The present method exhibits a mild and selective access to a variety of imidazopyridine derivatives of pharmacological interest.
Abstract
In recent years, statistical methods have been widely used to estimate latent risk factors that affect the prices of financial assets. This paper develops new estimators for asset pricing ...factors by introducing dependence measure--distance covariance, that can identify nonlinear dependence. We combined distance covariance with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Risk-Premium PCA (RPPCA) and made contrast analysis based on Chinese market data. RPPCA, as a new method, shows strong applicability and detects factors with high Sharpe-ratio efficiently. Moreover, distance covariance produces better performance than covariance in PCA as a factor estimator, which illustrates the superiority of the distance covariance. Finally, the most striking results revealed by the study is that RPPCA including distance covariance of residuals outperforms others with a smaller pricing error and a significantly large Sharpe-ratio.
The Figure displayed the schematic illustrations of designed battery module and sub-modules. Towards to PCM/HP-Air cooling system, the air passes through the capillary tube to increase the heat ...dissipation of the phase-change material. For PCM/HP-Liquid cooling system, the working medium was ethyl alcohol, the evaporation section of the plate heat pipe was contacted with the PCM, and the condensation section was exposed to the air. When the PCM transported the heat generated from the battery to plate heat pipe, the internal medium would generate the phase transformation heat from the evaporation section to condensation section, the liquid in the heat pipe flows repeatedly as this working principle.
Display omitted
•A serials PCM based thermal management systems were investigated by experiments.•PCM with large heat storage capacity can balance the temperature of battery module.•Heat pipe with high heat conductivity assisted PCM can keep battery working normally.•Heat pipe assisted PCM coupled with liquid cooling system was an efficient BTMS.
In this study, a serials phase change materials (PCM) based battery thermal management systems for cylindrical lithium battery module were designed, which were pure PCM, heat pipe coupled with air assisted PCM (PCM/HP-Air), heat pipe coupled with liquid assisted PCM (PCM/HP-Liquid), respectively. The PCM with large heat storage capacity and heat pipe coupled with liquid cooling exhibit excellent thermal performance for battery module, which is an effective and reliable method with relative longer working time and appropriate temperature. The results by experiments at different discharge rates indicated that heat pipe played an important role in transporting the heat promptly and balancing the temperature uniformly for PCM based battery module. What’s more, the heat pipe coupled with liquid cooling presented a remarkable controlling temperature capacity, the highest temperature could be maintained at 50 °C during 3 C discharge rate. Meanwhile, a lower temperature difference of the PCM/HP-Liquid than the other two modules was obtained by nearly 3 °C, which displayed a prominent balancing temperature effectiveness. It could be concluded that the above results can provide perspectives in designing and optimizing battery thermal management system.
Abstract
A Weyl semimetal is a new state of matter that hosts Weyl fermions as emergent quasiparticles. The Weyl fermions correspond to isolated points of bulk band degeneracy, Weyl nodes, which are ...connected only through the crystal’s boundary by exotic Fermi arcs. The length of the Fermi arc gives a measure of the topological strength, because the only way to destroy the Weyl nodes is to annihilate them in pairs in the reciprocal space. To date, Weyl semimetals are only realized in the TaAs class. Here, we propose a tunable Weyl state in Mo
x
W
1−
x
Te
2
where Weyl nodes are formed by touching points between metallic pockets. We show that the Fermi arc length can be changed as a function of Mo concentration, thus tuning the topological strength. Our results provide an experimentally feasible route to realizing Weyl physics in the layered compound Mo
x
W
1−
x
Te
2
, where non-saturating magneto-resistance and pressure-driven superconductivity have been observed.
The water balance of inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) involves complex hydrological processes; their dynamics over recent decades is a good indicator of changes in water cycle under rapid ...global warming. Based on satellite images and extensive field investigations, we demonstrate that a coherent lake growth on the TP interior (TPI) has occurred since the late 1990s in response to a significant global climate change. Closed lakes on the TPI varied heterogeneously during 1976–1999, but expanded coherently and significantly in both lake area and water depth during 1999–2010. Although the decreased potential evaporation and glacier mass loss may contribute to the lake growth since the late 1990s, the significant water surplus is mainly attributed to increased regional precipitation, which, in turn, may be related to changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation, including the intensified Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon (NHSM) circulation and the poleward shift of the Eastern Asian westerlies jet stream.
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