We show that spontaneous baryogenesis occurs automatically in relaxion models if the reheating temperature is larger than the weak scale, provided the Standard Model fields are charged under the U(1) ...of which the relaxion is a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson. During the slow roll, the relaxion breaks CPT, biasing the thermal equilibrium in favor of baryons, with sphalerons providing the necessary baryon number violation. We calculate the resulting baryon asymmetry, explore the possible constraints on this scheme and show that there is a swath of parameter space in which the current observations are matched. Successful baryogenesis can be achieved for a range of relaxion masses between 10−10 and 10−5 eV. The mechanism operates precisely in the region of parameter space where recent work has shown relaxion oscillations to be a dark matter candidate.
Glaciers and snow cover area (SCA) plays an important role in river runoff in Himalayan region. There is a need to monitor SCA on spatio-temporal basis for better and efficient utilization of water ...resources. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) provides less cloudy data due to high temporal resolution as compared to other optical sensors for high elevation regions, and its 8-day snow cover product is globally used for snow cover estimation. The main objective of the present paper is to estimate annual and seasonal SCA in Chandra basin, Western Himalaya, and analysis of its variation with elevation, aspect, and slope during 2001 to 2017 using MODIS Terra (MOD10A2) and Aqua (MYD10A2) snow cover product as well as to correlate the same with temperature and precipitation using fifth generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Atmospheric Reanalysis of the global climate (ERA5) data. The total average SCA observed is 84.94% of basin area during the study period. The maximum annual average SCA was found as 91.23% in 2009 with minimum being 76.37% in 2016. Strong correlation is observed in annual and seasonal SCA with temperature which indicate that SCA variability is highly sensitive to temperature.
To compare the diagnostic performance of T1 perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) for differentiating primary central ...nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and glioblastoma (GBM).
This retrospective study comprised a cohort of 70 patients with glioblastoma and 30 patients with PCNSL. T1 perfusion MRI-derived rCBV_corr (leakage corrected relative cerebral blood volume), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) derived from DWI, and intratumoural susceptibility signals intensity (ITSS) measured on SWI were evaluated in these 100 patients. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used for pairwise comparison between groups. The diagnostic performance for differentiating PCNSL from glioblastoma was evaluated by using univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.
Minimum ADC, maximum rCBVs_corr, kep (back flux exchange rate), and ITSS scores were significantly lower in patients with PCNSL than in those with glioblastoma (p<0.05). On ROC analysis, ITSS showed the best discrimination ability for differentiation of GBM and PCNSL with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.80. rCBV_corr and ADC showed AUCs of 0.68 and 0.63, respectively. Multiparametric assessment using ADC, rCBV_corr, kep, and ITSS scores significantly increased the diagnostic ability for differentiating PCNSL from GBM as compared to mean ADC, mean rCBV_corr, and ITSS alone or a combination of these parameters. The multiparametric model could correctly discriminate 84% of tumours with a sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 70% with an AUC of 0.92.
Multiparametric MRI evaluation using DWI, T1 perfusion MRI, and SWI enabled reliable differentiation of PCNSL and GBM in the majority patients, and these results support an integration of advanced MRI techniques for the diagnostic work-up of patients with these tumours.
•SWI is useful for discrimination of Lymphoma and Glioblastoma.•Lymphoma and Glioblastoma may have significantly overlapping values of rCBV and ADC.•GBM and lymphoma can be differentiated with improved accuracy by combining T1-perfusion MRI, DWI and SWI.
The soil environment is responsible for sustaining most terrestrial plant life, yet we know surprisingly little about the important functions carried out by diverse microbial communities in soil. ...Soil microbes that inhabit the channels of decaying root systems, the detritusphere, are likely to be essential for plant growth and health, as these channels are the preferred locations of new root growth. Understanding the microbial metagenome of the detritusphere, and how it responds to agricultural management such as crop rotations and soil tillage, is vital for improving global food production.
This study establishes an in-depth soil microbial gene catalogue based on the living-decaying rhizosphere niches in a cropping soil. The detritusphere microbiome regulates the composition and function of the rhizosphere microbiome to a greater extent than plant type: rhizosphere microbiomes of wheat and chickpea were homogenous (65-87% similarity) in the presence of decaying root (DR) systems but were heterogeneous (3-24% similarity) where DR was disrupted by tillage. When the microbiomes of the rhizosphere and the detritusphere interact in the presence of DR, there is significant degradation of plant root exudates by the rhizosphere microbiome, and genes associated with membrane transporters, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism are enriched.
The study describes the diversity and functional capacity of a high-quality soil microbial metagenome. The results demonstrate the contribution of the detritusphere microbiome in determining the metagenome of developing root systems. Modifications in root microbial function through soil management can ultimately govern plant health, productivity and food security.
Strain hardening of Titanium alloy Ti6Al4V has been studied at four different strain rates (10−4 to 10−1s−1) under tensile loading at four different heat treatment conditions viz. mill annealing ...(MA), recrystallization annealing (RA), solution treatment (ST) and solution treatment and aging (STA). Effect of prior cold working before tensile testing has also been studied. Strain hardening exponent (n) is found to be decreasing with increasing strain rates for samples in all the four heat treatment conditions, whereas trend is found to be opposite in case, of cold worked (~15%) samples prior to tensile testing. This is due to rearrangement of dislocations generated during the prior cold working. Strength coefficient (K) is also found to follow similar trend.
Optical microstructure clearly showed two phase (α+β) structure in all the samples and completely fragmented grain boundaries in cold worked condition. Non-basal oriented grains in as-annealed samples and higher volume fraction of basal (0001) grains in annealed and cold worked samples were observed along with fragmented grain boundaries/regions of void coalescence. Low angle misorientation was found to be lower in sample subjected to STA heat treatment as compared to other heat treated conditions. Twinning was observed in ST as well as in STA conditions, which was absent in annealed as well as annealed and cold worked samples.
Image quality maps revealed regions of low image quality in deformed samples indicating presence of high dislocation density. Regions of void coalescence were confirmed by KAM (Kernel average misorientation) maps, GOS (grain orientation spread) maps and unique grain colour maps. Analysis of fractographs showed ductile mode of fracture in all heat treated conditions and mixed mode of fracture with fragmented grain boundaries in all samples subjected to heat treatment followed by tensile testing with prior cold working.
The kagome lattice
, which is the most prominent structural motif in quantum physics, benefits from inherent non-trivial geometry so that it can host diverse quantum phases, ranging from spin-liquid ...phases, to topological matter, to intertwined orders
and, most rarely, to unconventional superconductivity
. Recently, charge sensitive probes have indicated that the kagome superconductors AV
Sb
(A = K, Rb, Cs)
exhibit unconventional chiral charge order
, which is analogous to the long-sought-after quantum order in the Haldane model
or Varma model
. However, direct evidence for the time-reversal symmetry breaking of the charge order remains elusive. Here we use muon spin relaxation to probe the kagome charge order and superconductivity in KV
Sb
. We observe a noticeable enhancement of the internal field width sensed by the muon ensemble, which takes place just below the charge ordering temperature and persists into the superconducting state. Notably, the muon spin relaxation rate below the charge ordering temperature is substantially enhanced by applying an external magnetic field. We further show the multigap nature of superconductivity in KV
Sb
and that the Formula: see text ratio (where T
is the superconducting transition temperature and λ
is the magnetic penetration depth in the kagome plane) is comparable to those of unconventional high-temperature superconductors. Our results point to time-reversal symmetry-breaking charge order intertwining with unconventional superconductivity in the correlated kagome lattice.
In this paper, an analytical model has been proposed to evaluate the effect of temperature on gate-induced drain leakages (GIDL) in a dual-metal nanowire field-effect transistor. Surface potential, ...electric field <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{E} _{z} </tex-math></inline-formula>, and GIDL current <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{I}_{\text {GIDL}} </tex-math></inline-formula> have been formulated and analyzed by solving 2-D Poisson's equation with appropriate boundary conditions. The calefaction effect has also been inspected for potential and hole concentration contour plot along with in depth analysis of conduction band energy and valence band energy. Drain-induced barrier lowering and electron velocity have also been examined. Furthermore, the effect of temperature on <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{g} _{m} </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{g} _{d} </tex-math></inline-formula>, noise figure, and noise conductance has also been examined.
An emerging area that has attracted increased attention in recent years is the development of biosensors based on sol–gel-derived platforms which must be predicated on an understanding of the short ...and long-term interactions between the biorecognition elements and evolving sol–gel matrix. This review focuses on the growing field of entrapment of biomolecules such as proteins, enzymes and antibodies in sol–gel matrices prepared from alkoxide precursors. Basic aspects of sol–gel, its advantages and disadvantages, factor affecting the sol–gel-derived thin films, strategies for improving entrapment of biomolecules in sol–gel materials and their organic modifications are discussed. Organically modified silane precursors have the ability to tune physical and chemical properties with desired characteristics of sol–gel preparations by simply changing different precursors and their molar ratio. The usefulness of optical method especially time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy for the characterization of internal environment of sol–gel as well as dynamics of proteins within the sol–gel is highlighted. Significance and designing of new biocompatible sol–gel precursors with the purpose of making the glassy matrix more compatible with entrapped biomolecules has been described. Considerable attention has been drawn on problems and future prospects of sol–gel matrix for entrapment of biomolecules for applications in biosensors.
The rising prevalence of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) could threaten gains made in combating the HIV epidemic and compromise the 90-90-90 target proposed by United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS ...(UNAIDS) to have achieved virological suppression in 90% of all persons receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) by the year 2020. HIVDR has implications for the persistence of HIV, the selection of current and future ART drug regimens, and strategies of vaccine and cure development. Focusing on drug classes that are in clinical use, this Review critically summarizes what is known about the mechanisms the virus utilizes to escape drug control. Armed with this knowledge, strategies to limit the expansion of HIVDR are proposed.
HIV drug resistance has implications for viral persistence, the selection of ART drug regimens, and vaccine and cure development. In this Review, Collier et al. summarize the state of global HIV resistance, mechanisms that HIV utilizes to escape drug control, and the implications for future antiretroviral therapies.
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