Using the observations recorded by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory and the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) and the Extreme-ultraviolet ...Imaging Spectrometer and X-Ray Telescope both on board Hinode, we present evidence of chromospheric evaporation in a coronal loop after the occurrence of two active region transient brightenings (ARTBs) at the two footpoints. The chromospheric evaporation started nearly simultaneously in all of the three hot channels of AIA 131, 94, and 335 and was observed to be temperature dependent, being fastest in the highest temperature channel. The whole loop became fully brightened following the ARTBs after 25 s in 131 , 40 s in 94 , and 6.5 minutes in 335 . The differential emission measurements at the two footpoints (i.e., of two ARTBs) and at the loop top suggest that the plasma attained a maximum temperature of ∼10 MK at all these locations. The spectroscopic observations from IRIS revealed the presence of redshifted emission of ∼20 km s−1 in cooler lines like C ii and Si iv during the ARTBs that was cotemporal with the evaporation flow at the footpoint of the loop. During the ARTBs, the line width of C ii and Si iv increased nearly by a factor of two during the peak emission. Moreover, enhancement in the line width preceded that in the Doppler shift, which again preceded enhancement in the intensity. The observed results were qualitatively reproduced by 1D hydrodynamic simulations, where energy was deposited at both of the footpoints of a monolithic coronal loop that mimicked the ARTBs identified in the observations.
In this paper, a generalized frequency domain method is proposed to obtain the switching frequency formulation for hysteresis current controlled voltage source inverter (VSI)-based shunt compensator. ...The formulation obtained from the high-frequency model based on the Tsypkin's method explicitly shows the relation between the maximum switching frequency with the system and design parameters. The shunt compensator has been used for the load compensation in a distribution system for both weak and strong feeder supplying a nonlinear load. The maximum switching frequency has been shown related with hysteresis bandwidth and parameters of the VSI, feeder, and load of the distribution system. It is shown that the feeder and load reactance has a significant effect in determining the maximum switching frequency for the weak feeder distribution systems. However, the maximum switching frequency is mainly dependent upon the shunt compensator parameters for strong feeder distribution systems. The minimum switching frequency in general depends upon the modulation depth of the VSI. The results are verified using as power systems CAD (PSCAD) simulation studies for single-phase load compensation. A laboratory model distribution system has been used for the experimental verification.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disease characterized by cognitive and sensorimotor impairment. Numerous research findings have consistently shown that alteration of ...Smo-Shh (smoothened-sonic hedgehog) signaling during the developmental process plays a significant role in ASD and triggers neuronal changes by promoting neuroinflammation and apoptotic markers. Purmorphamine (PUR), a small purine-derived agonist of the Smo-Shh pathway, shows resistance to hippocampal neuronal cell oxidation and decreases neuronal cell death. The goal of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective potential of PUR in brain intoxication induced by intracerebroventricular-propionic acid (ICV-PPA) in rats, with a focus on its effect on Smo-Shh regulation in the brain of rats. In addition, we analyze the impact of PUR on myelin basic protein (MBP) and apoptotic markers such as Caspase-3, Bax (pro-apoptotic), and Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic) in rat brain homogenates. Chronic ICV-PPA infusion was administered consecutively for 11 days to induce autism in rats. In order to investigate behavioral alterations, rats were tested for spatial learning in the Morris Water Maze (MWM), locomotive alterations using actophotometer, and beam crossing task, while Forced Swimming Test (FST) for depressive behavior. PUR treatment with 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg (i.p.) was administered from day 12 to 44. Besides cellular, molecular and neuroinflammatory analyses, neurotransmitter levels and oxidative markers have also been studied in brain homogenates. The results of this study have shown that PUR increases the level of Smo-Shh and restores the neurochemical levels, and potentially prevents morphological changes, including demyelination.
In this paper, the effect of various device design engineerings such as channel engineering, i.e., graded channel (GC), gate stack (GS) engineering (high-κ), and dual-material gate (DMG) on ...double-gate MOSFET (DG MOSFET) have been analyzed using ATLAS device simulator. Furthermore, the combinations of these technologies i.e., GC, along with GS engineering, i.e., GCGSDG, and GS together with DMG, i.e., GS dual-material DG (GSDMDG), have been taken into consideration. The simulation results demonstrate that, out of the several design engineerings, the GCGSDG is the most suitable for high-speed switching applications. However, the GSDMDG provides superior performance as an amplifier.
► The MS provides an insight into least explored area of the effects of brassinosteroids (BRs) on the endogenous titers of auxins, abscisic acid (ABA) and polyamines (PAs) in radish under Cr (VI) ...stress. ► The MS will increase our understanding about the implication of BRs in mitigating Cr (VI) induced oxidative stress through modulating the levels of PAs, ABA and auxins. ► The MS shows the significant influence of BRs on the antioxidant system of radish and its involvement in Cr (VI) stress alleviation. ► The MS provides significant insight in to the influence of BRs on the levels of phytochelatins and radical scavenging activities of radish, which in turn reflects the nutritional aspects of radish.
The present investigation determined the effects of epibrassinolide (EBL) on the levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and polyamine (PA) and antioxidant potential of 7-d old
Raphanus sativus L. cv. ‘Pusa chetki’ seedlings grown under Cr (VI) metal stress. Reduced titers of free (0.767
μg
g
−1 FW) and bound (0.545
μg
g
−1 FW) IAA in Cr (VI) stressed seedlings were observed over untreated control. Supplementations of EBL to Cr (VI) stressed seedlings were able to enhance both free (2.14–5.68
μg
g
−1 FW) and bound IAA (2.45–7.78
μg
g
−1 FW) concentrations in comparison to Cr (VI) metal treatment alone. Significant rise in free (13.49
μg
g
−1 FW) and bound (12.17
μg
g
−1 FW) ABA contents were noticed for Cr (VI) stressed seedlings when compared to untreated control. No significant increase in ABA contents were recorded for Cr (VI) stressed seedlings upon supplementation with EBL over Cr (VI) treatment alone. A significant increase in Put (18.40
μg
g
−1 FW) and Cad (9.08
μg
g
−1 FW) contents were found for 10
−9
M EBL plus Cr (VI) metal treatments when compared to Cr (VI) treatment alone. Spermidine (Spd) contents were found to decline significantly for EBL treatment alone or when supplemented with Cr (VI) treatments over untreated controls and Cr (VI) treatment alone. Antioxidant levels were found to enhance, with glutathione (57.98
mg
g
−1 FW), proline (4.97
mg
g
−1 FW), glycinebetaine (39.01
μmol
mL
−1), ascorbic acid (3.17
mg
g
−1 FW) and phytochelatins (65.69
μmol
g
−1 FW) contents noted for EBL supplemented to Cr (VI) metal solution over Cr (VI) treatment alone. Reduced activities of guaiacol peroxidase (0.391 U
mg
−1 protein) and catalase (0.221
U
mg
−1 protein) and enhanced activities of glutathione reductase (7.14
U
mg
−1 protein), superoxide dismutase (15.20
U
mg
−1 protein) and ascorbate peroxidase (4.31
U
mg
−1 protein) were observed in seedlings treated with EBL plus Cr (VI) over Cr metal treatment alone. Reduced MDA (2.55
μmol
g
−1 FW) and H
2O
2 (33.24
μmol
g
−1 FW) contents were recorded for 10
−9
M EBL supplemented to Cr (VI) stress over Cr (VI) treatment alone. Enhancement in free radical scavenging potential as indicated by higher values of 1,1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl, deoxyribose and reducing power activity assays, and increased levels of phenols and soluble sugars also showed significant influence of EBL in alleviating Cr (VI) stress in radish seedlings.
This paper proposes a physics-based 2-D analytical model for a dual- material gate stack engineered junctionless accumulation-mode cylindrical surrounding gate (DMGSE-JAM-CSG) MOSFET. Analytical ...modeling is performed using 2-D Poisson’s equation in cylindrical co-ordinate system based upon parabolic potential approximation. This analysis derives the expressions for center potential, electric field, subthreshold drain current, transconductance, output conductance and switching speed. It is seen that this device possesses enhanced drain current, higher transconductance and lower output conductance. The gate-induced drain leakage current for this device has also been investigated. The subthreshold slope of this device is approximately 71 mV/ decade and I
on
/I
off
ratio is also high, which leads to its usage for low power and high speed switching applications. The electrical characteristics and short channel effects of this device are also examined for different gate stack materials. It is observed that the device characteristics improve when permittivity of the gate stack is increased. Further, the results acquired using analytical modeling is mapped with the simulated data results to affirm and validate the device model structure. The simulation is implemented using ATLAS-3D device simulator.
The dual-material double-gate (DMDG) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the leading contender for sub-100-nm devices because it utilizes the ...benefits of both double-gate and dual-material-gate structures. One major issue of concern in the DMDG-MOSFET is the alignment between the top and the bottom gate that critically influences the device performance. In this paper, we have investigated the effects of gate misalignment in the DMDG SOI n-MOSFET. In this regard, analytical modeling and extensive simulations have been carried out to analyze the gate misalignment effects on device performance like surface potential, electric field, threshold voltage, subthreshold slope, drain-induced barrier lowering, drain current, and transconductance. Considering the fact that gate misalignment can occur on any side of the gate, both source- and drain-side misalignments have been discussed. Analytical and simulated results are found to be in good agreement, which authenticate our proposed model for the DMDG structure.
Studies were conducted to determine the effect of vermicompost on growth, physiological disorders, fruit yield and quality of ‘Chandler’ strawberry. For this, 4 levels of vermicompost (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 ...and 10.0
t
ha
−1) were supplemented with inorganic fertilizers to balance fertilizer requirement of strawberry under semi-arid region of northern India. The vermicompost was incorporated into top 10
cm layer of soil, which was supplemented on the basis of chemical analysis, with amount of inorganic N, P, K fertilizer calculated to equalize the recommended dose of nutrients. Vermicompost application increased plant spread (10.7%), leaf area (23.1%) and dry matter (20.7%), and increased total fruit yield (32.7%). Substitution of vermicompost drastically reduced the incidence of physiological disorders like albinism (16.1–4.5%); fruit malformation (11.5–4.0%) and occurrence of grey mould (10.4–2.1%) in strawberry indicating that vermicompost had significant role in reducing nutrient-related disorders and disease like
Botrytis rot, and thereby increasing the marketable fruit yield up to 58.6% with better quality parameters. Fruit harvested from plant receiving vermicompost were firmer, have higher TSS, ascorbic acid content and lower acidity, and have attractive colour. All these parameters appeared to be dose dependent and best results were achieved @ 7.5
t
ha
−1, however, beyond this dose of vermicompost, there was not significant influence on these parameters.
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