In a healthy body, ROS (reactive oxygen species) and antioxidants remain in balance. When the balance is disrupted towards an overabundance of ROS, oxidative stress (OS) occurs. OS influences the ...entire reproductive lifespan of a woman and even thereafter (i.e. menopause). OS results from an imbalance between prooxidants (free radical species) and the body's scavenging ability (antioxidants). ROS are a double-edged sword - they serve as key signal molecules in physiological processes but also have a role in pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract. ROS affect multiple physiological processes from oocyte maturation to fertilization, embryo development and pregnancy. It has been suggested that OS modulates the age-related decline in fertility. It plays a role during pregnancy and normal parturition and in initiation of preterm labor. Most ovarian cancers appear in the surface epithelium, and repetitive ovulation has been thought to be a causative factor. Ovulation-induced oxidative base damage and damage to DNA of the ovarian epithelium can be prevented by antioxidants. There is growing literature on the effects of OS in female reproduction with involvement in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia, hydatidiform mole, free radical-induced birth defects and other situations such as abortions. Numerous studies have shown that OS plays a role in the pathophysiology of infertility and assisted fertility. There is some evidence of its role in endometriosis, tubal and peritoneal factor infertility and unexplained infertility. This article reviews the role OS plays in normal cycling ovaries, follicular development and cyclical endometrial changes. It also discusses OS-related female infertility and how it influences the outcomes of assisted reproductive techniques. The review comprehensively explores the literature for evidence of the role of oxidative stress in conditions such as abortions, preeclampsia, hydatidiform mole, fetal embryopathies, preterm labour and preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. The review also addresses the growing literature on the role of nitric oxide species in female reproduction. The involvement of nitric oxide species in regulation of endometrial and ovarian function, etiopathogenesis of endometriosis, and maintenance of uterine quiescence, initiation of labour and ripening of cervix at parturition is discussed. Complex interplay between cytokines and oxidative stress in the etiology of female reproductive disorders is discussed. Oxidant status of the cell modulates angiogenesis, which is critical for follicular growth, corpus luteum formation endometrial differentiation and embryonic growth is also highlighted in the review. Strategies to overcome oxidative stress and enhance fertility, both natural and assisted are delineated. Early interventions being investigated for prevention of preeclampsia are enumerated. Trials investigating combination intervention strategy of vitamin E and vitamin C supplementation in preventing preeclampsia are highlighted. Antioxidants are powerful and there are few trials investigating antioxidant supplementation in female reproduction. However, before clinicians recommend antioxidants, randomized controlled trials with sufficient power are necessary to prove the efficacy of antioxidant supplementation in disorders of female reproduction. Serial measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers in longitudinal studies may help delineate the etiology of some of the diosorders in female reproduction such as preeclampsia.
Background
Glioma grading between intermediate grades (Grade II vs. III and Grade III vs. IV) as well as multiclass grades (Grade II vs. III vs. IV) is challenging and needs to be addressed.
Purpose
...To develop an artificial intelligence‐based methodology for glioma grading using T1 perfusion parameters and volume of tumor components, and validate the efficacy of the methodology by grading on a cohort of glioma patients.
Study Type
Retrospective.
Population
The development set consisted of 53 glioma patients and validation consisted of 13 glioma patients.
Field Strength/Sequence
Conventional MRI images (2D T1‐W, dual PD‐T2‐W, and 3D FLAIR) and 3D T1 perfusion MRI data obtained at 3 T.
Assessment
Enhancing and nonenhancing components of glioma were segmented out and combined to form the region of interest (ROI) for glioma grading. Prominent vessels were removed from the selected ROI. Different T1 perfusion parameters from the ROI were combined with volume of tumor components to form the feature set for glioma grading. Optimization was carried out for selection of the statistic of the T1 perfusion parameters and the features to be used for glioma grading using sequential feature selection and random forest‐based feature selection method. An optimized support vector machine (SVM) classifier was used for glioma grading.
Statistical Tests
Mean ± SD, analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey–Kramer test, ROC analysis.
Results
Classification error for Grade II vs. III was 3.7%, for Grade III vs. IV was 5.26%, and for Grade II vs. III vs. IV was 9.43% using the proposed methodology. The mean of the values above the 90th percentile value of T1 perfusion parameters provided a maximum area under the curve (AUC) for intermediate grade differentiation. Random forest obtained optimal feature set provided better grading results than other methods using the SVM classifier.
Data Conclusion
It was feasible to achieve low classification error for intermediate as well as multiclass glioma grading using an SVM classifier based on optimized features obtained from T1 perfusion MRI and volumes of tumor components.
Level of Evidence: 4
Technical Efficacy: Stage 3
J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1295–1306.
Cancer recognized as one of the leading irrepressible health issues is contributing to increasing mortality-rate day-by-day. The tumor microenvironment is an important field of cancer to understand ...the detection, treatment and prevention of cancer. Recently, cancer stem cell (CSC) research has shown promising results aiming towards cancer diagnostics and treatment. Here, we found that prostate and breast cancer stem cells secreted vesicles of endosomal origin, called exosomes showed strong connection between autophagy and exosomes released from CSCs. Exosomes may serve as vesicles to communicate with neoplastic cells (autocrine and paracrine manner) and normal cells (paracrine and endocrine manner) and thereby suppress immune systems and regulate neoplastic growth, and metastasis. They can also be used as biomarkers for various cancers. We detected tetraspanin proteins (CD9, CD63, CD81), Alix and tumor susceptibility gene-101 (TSG101) of exosomal markers from rotenone treated CSCs. We have also detected the induction of autophagy genes, Atg7 and conversion of autophagy marker (LC3-I to LC3-II), and tetraspanin proteins (CD9, CD63, CD81) in rotenone treated CSCs by western blotting. The mRNA expression of CD9, CD63, CD81 and TSG101 analyzed by qRT-PCR showed that the rotenone induced the expression of CD9, CD63, CD81 and TSG101 in CSCs. Electron microscopy of rotenone treated CSCs showed the mitochondrial damage of CSCs as confirmed by the release of exosomes from CSCs. The constituents of exosomes may be useful to understand the mechanism of exosomes formation, release and function, and also serve as a useful biomarker and provide novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment and prevention of cancer.
Display omitted
•Detection and measurements of a very hazardous gas (NO2) and flammable gas (LPG) were carried out.•Thin film of TiO2-ZnO-PANI composite was fabricated over inter digital electrodes ...(IDEs) by spin coating technique.•ZnO-TiO2-PANI based sensor is highest among the reported values by the previous researchers.•ZnO-TiO2-PANI based sensor was found to have maximum sensing response as 87 for 2000 ppm of LPG and 412 for 20 ppm of NO2 at RT.
The present paper reports the in-situ chemical polymerization of nanocomposites thin film composed by titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO) and polyaniline (PANI). It was found that nanocomposites sensor is highly selective and shows response to low concentration. To improve the sensing response characteristics of ZT thin film, PANI is incorporated. Thin film based LPG sensor of ZnO-TiO2-PANI composite was fabricated by spin coating of ZnO-TiO2 nanoparticles doped with PANI over inter digital electrodes (IDEs). The thin film was characterized by using XRD, SEM, TEM, UV–vis, BET and FTIR. It was also tested for gas sensing properties of LPG/NO2 which are well known flammable and toxic gases. The measured response for ZnO-TiO2-PANI based sensor was 87 for 2000 ppm of LPG and 412 for 20 ppm of NO2 at room temperature towards other testing gases together with Acetone, IPA, NH3 and CO2.
Primary leptomeningeal lymphoma (PLML) without brain parenchymal involvement or systemic disease is very rare, comprising of approximately 7% of all primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL). ...PLML is a diagnosis of exclusion which should be confirmed on biopsy after ruling out metastasis from systemic lymphomas and dissemination from PCNSL.
A 21-year-old patient presented with the chief complaints of headache, diplopia, decreased vision for five months, and a swelling on the left side of the forehead for four months. On radiology, a large, lobulated, extra-axial mass lesion along the left frontal region with its base towards dura noted. No parenchymal or subependymal CNS lesions were found on CT/MRI. Histopathology was reported as primary leptomeningeal CD30 positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
PLML is a very rare meningeal tumor that requires a very high index of suspicion and is always a diagnosis of exclusion.
In the present work, NO2 gas sensor based on Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanostructures were prepared by using the chemical route technique. CdS thin films of different thickness were prepared by spin ...coating technique with different speed (1000, 2000 and 3000 rpm). Prepared thin films were characterized by techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Ultraviolet–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), which offered the information about the chemical structure and morphology of CdS thin film. Gas sensing measurements for detecting 20 ppm NO2 gas were carried out on CdS thin film prepared on interdigital electrodes patterned corning glass substrate and a maximum response of ~1.73 × 102 at 70 °C operating temperature was observed.
Display omitted
•CdS thin film was prepared over inter digital electrodes (IDEs) by spin coating.•The hexagonal shaped surface morphology is being reported first time.•NO2 Gas sensor work at low operating temperature has been studied.•The sensing mechanism is administered by the porosity of the thin film.•The sensor has sensor response ~1.73 × 102 towards to 20 ppm.
Graphene-reinforced aluminum (Gr-Al) matrix nanocomposites (NCs) have attracted strong interest from both research and industry in high-performance weight-sensitive applications. Due to the vastly ...different bonding characteristics of the Al matrix (metallic) and graphene (in-plane covalent + inter-plane van der Waals), the graphene phase has a general tendency to agglomerate and phase separate in the metal matrix, which is detrimental for the mechanical and chemical properties of the composite. Thus, synthesis of Gr-Al NCs is extremely challenging. This review summarizes the different methods available to synthesize Gr-Al NCs and the resulting properties achieved in these NCs. Understanding the effect of processing parameters on the realized properties opens up the possibility of tailoring the synthesis methods to achieve the desired properties for a given application.
We report the sensitive detection of C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker for cardiac disease, using a carbon nanofiber based biosensor platform. Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers were grown ...using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition to fabricate nanoelectrode arrays in a 3×3 configuration. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used for the CRP detection. The CV responses show a 25% reduction in redox current upon the immobilization of anti-CRP on the electrode where as a 30% increase in charge transfer resistance is seen from EIS. Further reduction in redox current and increase in charge transfer resistance result from binding of CRP on anti-CRP immobilized surface, proportional to the concentration of the CRP target. The detection limit of the sensor is found to be ~90pM or ~11ng/ml, which is in the clinically relevant range. Control tests using non-specific myoglobin antigen confirmed the specificity of the present approach.
•A carbon nanofiber nanoelectrode array was used to detect down to 90pM C-reactive protein.•C-reactive protein binding to antibody modified carbon nanofiber was confirmed by an increase in charge transfer resistance.•Sensor specificity was evaluated and confirmed against myoglobin.
Glioma grading between intermediate grades (Grade II vs. III and Grade III vs. IV) as well as multiclass grades (Grade II vs. III vs. IV) is challenging and needs to be addressed.
To develop an ...artificial intelligence-based methodology for glioma grading using T
perfusion parameters and volume of tumor components, and validate the efficacy of the methodology by grading on a cohort of glioma patients.
Retrospective.
The development set consisted of 53 glioma patients and validation consisted of 13 glioma patients.
Conventional MRI images (2D T
-W, dual PD-T
-W, and 3D FLAIR) and 3D T
perfusion MRI data obtained at 3 T.
Enhancing and nonenhancing components of glioma were segmented out and combined to form the region of interest (ROI) for glioma grading. Prominent vessels were removed from the selected ROI. Different T
perfusion parameters from the ROI were combined with volume of tumor components to form the feature set for glioma grading. Optimization was carried out for selection of the statistic of the T
perfusion parameters and the features to be used for glioma grading using sequential feature selection and random forest-based feature selection method. An optimized support vector machine (SVM) classifier was used for glioma grading.
Mean ± SD, analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey-Kramer test, ROC analysis.
Classification error for Grade II vs. III was 3.7%, for Grade III vs. IV was 5.26%, and for Grade II vs. III vs. IV was 9.43% using the proposed methodology. The mean of the values above the 90
percentile value of T
perfusion parameters provided a maximum area under the curve (AUC) for intermediate grade differentiation. Random forest obtained optimal feature set provided better grading results than other methods using the SVM classifier.
It was feasible to achieve low classification error for intermediate as well as multiclass glioma grading using an SVM classifier based on optimized features obtained from T
perfusion MRI and volumes of tumor components.
4 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1295-1306.
PDF
