Silk fibroin (SF), an organic material obtained from the cocoons of a silkworm
, is used in several applications and has a proven track record in biomedicine owing to its superior compatibility with ...the human body, superb mechanical characteristics, and its controllable propensity to decay. Due to its robust biocompatibility, less immunogenic, non-toxic, non-carcinogenic, and biodegradable properties, it has been widely used in biological and biomedical fields, including wound healing. The key strategies for building diverse SF-based drug delivery systems are discussed in this review, as well as the most recent ways for developing functionalized SF for controlled or redirected medicines, gene therapy, and wound healing. Understanding the features of SF and the various ways to manipulate its physicochemical and mechanical properties enables the development of more effective drug delivery devices. Drugs are encapsulated in SF-based drug delivery systems to extend their shelf life and control their release, allowing them to travel further across the bloodstream and thus extend their range of operation. Furthermore, due to their tunable properties, SF-based drug delivery systems open up new possibilities for drug delivery, gene therapy, and wound healing.
Silk is a wonderful biopolymer that has a long history of medical applications. Surgical cords and medically authorised human analogues made of silk have a long history of use in management. We ...describe the use of silk in the treatment of eye diseases in this review by looking at the usage of silk fibroin for eye-related drug delivery applications and medication transfer to the eyes. During this ancient art endeavour, a reduced engineering project that employed silk as a platform for medicine delivery or a cell-filled matrix helped reignite interest. With considerable attention, this study explores the present usage of silk in ocular-based drug delivery. This paper also examines emerging developments with the use of silk as a biopolymer for the treatment of eye ailments. As treatment options for glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, and other retinal diseases and degenerations are developed, the trans-scleral route of drug delivery holds great promise for the selective, sustained-release delivery of these novel therapeutic compounds. We should expect a swarm of silk-inspired materials to enter clinical testing and use on the surface as the secrets of silk are unveiled. This article finishes with a discussion on potential silk power, which adds to better ideas and enhanced ocular medicine delivery.
The exponential rise in technology and allied applications has always revitalized academia industries to achieve more efficient and robust solution to meet contemporary demands. Surveillance systems ...have always been the dominant area which has grabbed the attention of the scientific community to enable real-time events or target’s characterization to make timely decision process. Crowd behavior analysis and classification is one of the most sought, though complex system to meet at hand surveillance purposes. However, unlike pedestrian movement detection methods, crowd analysis and behavioral characterization require robust feature learning and classification. With this motive, in this paper, a highly robust model is developed by applying hybrid deep features containing statistical features of the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and transferable deep learning AlexNet high-dimensional features. In addition, to perform multi-class classification multi-feed forward neural network model (MFNN) is used. Here, the inclusion of hybrid features of GLCM and AlexNet provides deep spatio-temporal feature information which helps in making optimal classification decision. On the other hand, the use of MFNN algorithm enables optimal multi-class classification. Thus, the combined model with hybrid deep features and MFNN achieves crowd behavior classification with 91.35% accuracy, 89.92% precision, 88.34% recall and F-measure of 89.12%.
Curcumin diferuloylmethane is a main yellow bioactive component of turmeric, possess wide spectrum of biological actions. It was found to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, ...antimutagenic, anticoagulant, antifertility, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiviral, antifibrotic, antivenom, antiulcer, hypotensive and hypocholesteremic activities. However, the benefits are curtailed by its extremely poor aqueous solubility, which subsequently limits the bioavailability and therapeutic effects of curcumin. Nanotechnology is the available approach in solving these issues. Therapeutic efficacy of curcumin can be utilized effectively by doing improvement in formulation properties or delivery systems. Numerous attempts have been made to design a delivery system of curcumin. Currently, nanosuspensions, micelles, nanoparticles, nano-emulsions, etc. are used to improve the in vitro dissolution velocity and in vivo efficiency of curcumin. This review focuses on the methods to increase solubility of curcumin and various nanotechnologies based delivery systems and other delivery systems of curcumin.
The objective of the present study is to develop and investigate the swelling behavior of pH-sensitive Superporous Hydrogel (SPH) and SPH composite (SPHC). A novel superporous hydrogel containing ...poly (methacrylic acid-co-acrylamide) was synthesized from methacrylic acid and acrylamide through the aqueous solution polymerization, using N,N-methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker and ammonium persulfate as an initiator. SPHCs were made in the same way, except for the using of Ac-Di-Sol as a stabilizer. The synthesized SPH and SPHC were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, swelling kinetics, porosity, mechanical properties and scanning electron microscopy. The swelling of SPH and SPHC was sensitive towards the pH, ionic strength, and temperature stimuli. The study of the surface morphology of SPH using scanning electron microscopy showed a highly porous structure. SPH polymers showed higher swelling ratio but less mechanical stability compared to SPHC polymers, which showed lower swelling ratio but a higher mechanical stability. With a change in pH from acidic to basic, a considerable increase in swelling was observed. Since the prepared SPH and SPHC swell only in the basic pH, it may be concluded that SPH and SPHC can be used as the pH-sensitive drug delivery system.
Lansoprazole sodium is a proton pump inhibitor used in treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It is highly acid-labile and presents many formulation challenges. Therefore, this drug needs ...to be protected from the harsh environment in the stomach. In order to achieve this, a pH-sensitive microparticle system composed of chitosan and γ- poly-(glutamic acid) was prepared and loaded with Lansoprazole. The prepared microparticles were not stable in gastric pH. To overcome this problem microparticles were freez-dried and filled in an enteric-coated capsule. Upon oral administration, the enteric-coated capsule remained intact in the acidic environment of the stomach, but dissolved rapidly in the distal segment of the GIT. Consequently, all the microparticles loaded in the capsule were brought into the intestine, thus enhancing the intestinal absorption of drug. Drug encapsulation efficiency of formulation F3 was found to be 82.82 % and in vitro release of prepared formulation F3 was found to be 94% after 8 h of dissolution in 7.4 pH phosphate buffer. FTIR and DSC studies showed no interaction between the drug and polymer. The formulation showed good swelling property. SEM photographs showed that microparticles are spherical and lies in size range of 300-400 μm. From the above, it can be concluded that the prepared chitosan/ γ-poly-(glutamic acid) microparticles can be used as carriers for the intestinal delivery of acid liable drugs such as lansoprazole.
MICROPARTICLES OFFER VARIOUS SIGNIFICANT ADVANTAGES AS DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS, INCLUDING: (i) an effective protection of the encapsulated active agent against (e.g. enzymatic) degradation, (ii) the ...possibility to accurately control the release rate of the incorporated drug over periods of hours to months, (iii) an easy administration (compared to alternative parenteral controlled release dosage forms, such as macro-sized implants), and (iv) Desired, pre-programmed drug release profiles can be provided which match the therapeutic needs of the patient. This article gives an overview on the general aspects and recent advances in drug-loaded microparticles to improve the efficiency of various medical treatments. An appropriately designed controlled release drug delivery system can be a foot ahead towards solving problems concerning to the targeting of drug to a specific organ or tissue, and controlling the rate of drug delivery to the target site. The development of oral controlled release systems has been a challenge to formulation scientist due to their inability to restrain and localize the system at targeted areas of gastrointestinal tract. Microparticulate drug delivery systems are an interesting and promising option when developing an oral controlled release system. The objective of this paper is to take a closer look at microparticles as drug delivery devices for increasing efficiency of drug delivery, improving the release profile and drug targeting. In order to appreciate the application possibilities of microcapsules in drug delivery, some fundamental aspects are briefly reviewed.
The aim of the study was to develop 5-FU loaded pH and thermo-sensitive nanogels, capable of sensing change in tumour environment pH and triggering drug release at physiological temperature. Poly(
N
...-isopropylacrylamide-
co
-acrylic acid) (PNA) nanogels (Ng's) were prepared
via
free radical polymerization. The prepared nanogels were screened for FT-IR,
1
H NMR, pH dependent lower critical solution temperature (LCST), and DLS. Selected Ng's were loaded with 5-FU and screened for FTIR, particle size, TEM, % EE,
in vitro
drug release, % hemolysis, pH dependent cytotoxicity,
in vivo
kinetics on Wistar rats,
in vivo
anti-cancer efficacy and mean life span on Swiss albino mice. FTIR and
1
H NMR confirmed the formation of PNA. The prepared nanogels exhibited pH dependent LCST. The particle size of selected PNA and 5-FU–PNA Ng's were found to be 70.25 and 131.5 nm respectively at 25 °C. Drug release from 5-FU–PNA Ng's was found to be extended and highly sustained at pH 5.5, 6.8 and 7.4. However, when compared with respect to individual pH, drug release in pH 7.4 PBS was quite minimal when compared to pH 5.5 and 6.8. The cytotoxicity of 5-FU–PNA Ng's increased with decrease in pH value. Additionally they could extend
in vivo
circulation time and displayed effective anti-cancer efficacy when compared to 5-FU injection for the same. Our results documented enhanced anti-cancer efficacy and mean life span in EAC bearing mice.
This paper deals with the synthesis and characterization of Ghatti gum (GG) and chitosan (CS) IPN MP prepared by emulsion-cross-linking method. Glutaraldehyde (GA) was used as a cross-linker. IPN ...microparticles were used to deliver (DS) Diclofenac sodium (Model anti inflammatory drug) to the intestine. IPN MP were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and evaluated for in vitro dissolution rate. FTIR studies assessed the formation of IPN structure. The surface morphology was studied by SEM. Particle sizes ranged between 294 to 366 μm. After encapsulation into IPN microparticles DSC studies were performed to recognize the crystalline nature of drug. DS percentage encapsulation efficiency (%EE) ranged from 84.09 to 96.81%. Equilibrium swelling was performed in buffer solution (pH 7.4). In-vitro release studies indicated the dependence of drug release rates on both the amount of chitosan and GG used in grounding of microparticles. The release was extended up to 12 hrs and release rates were fitted into an empirical equation to work out the diffusion parameter which indicates a Non-Fickian release. Continuous dissolution-absorption studies were carried out using everted rat intestine for optimized formulation (F9).
