Abstract
Heracleum mantegazzianum
is an invasive environmental weed that is widely distributed in Europe and whose distribution is continually expanding. Novel management methods are required to ...address its impacts and spread. We studied the use of pyrolysis liquids (PL) as a component of biodegradable mulch and as biobased herbicide to control
H. mantegazzianum
. A five‐year field experiment was conducted to compare pyrolysis liquid peat mulch (PLM) with plastic PE–mulch, biobased Ökolys® mulch and glyphosate. Application of PL biobased herbicide after stem cutting was studied in a one‐year field experiment. We established that PLM does not control the growth or reproduction of mature
H. mantegazzianum
effectively in contrast with the other mulching materials and glyphosate. The coverage of
H. mantegazzianum
differed only in 1 year between application of PLMs and the control. The number of flower stems increased in PLM treatments and in the control, indicating that PLM failed to control reproduction and spread of
H. mantegazzianum
. PL treatment of cut
H. mantegazzianum
stems was more effective than application of acetic acid alone. The results suggest that biobased control methods do not provide as effective control of
H. mantegazzianum
as widely used current methods (plastic mulches and glyphosate). If biobased methods are to be more widely used for controlling
H. mantegazzianum
, lower control efficacy must be accepted, and they should be used in an integrated approach with other methods.
A
bstract
The Borexino detector measures solar neutrino fluxes via neutrino-electron elastic scattering. Observed spectra are determined by the solar-
ν
e
survival probability
P
ee
(
E
), and the ...chiral couplings of the neutrino and electron. Some theories of physics beyond the Standard Model postulate the existence of Non-Standard Interactions (NSI’s) which modify the chiral couplings and
P
ee
(
E
). In this paper, we search for such NSI’s, in particular, flavor-diagonal neutral current interactions that modify the
ν
e
e
and
ν
τ
e
couplings using Borexino Phase II data. Standard Solar Model predictions of the solar neutrino fluxes for both high- and low-metallicity assumptions are considered. No indication of new physics is found at the level of sensitivity of the detector and constraints on the parameters of the NSI’s are placed. In addition, with the same dataset the value of sin
2
θ
W
is obtained with a precision comparable to that achieved in reactor antineutrino experiments
.
Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a 10-week Nordic walking training program on resting growth hormone (GH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) blood concentrations and their ...relationships to the values of inflammatory, metabolic, and muscle injury parameters in postmenopausal women with overweight and obesity.
Methods Thirty-two postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity (body mass index 30.5 ± 4.1 kg/m
2
), aged 59.6 ± 5.9 years were included in the investigation. Concentrations of GH, LH, C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, low density (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and albumin, as well as the plasma activity of muscle enzymes such as creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, were examined before and after the participants finished a 10-week Nordic walking rehabilitation program.
Results After a 10-week rehabilitation period in accordance with a Nordic walking program, significant increases in blood concentrations of GH (median 47.5%) and HDL cholesterol (on average by 0.1%) as well as a decrease in LH values (on average by 19%), total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides (all on a similar average by between 0.1 and 0.2%), creatine kinase (on average by 14%), lactate dehydrogenase (on average by 4%), C-reactive protein (on average by 24%), and body mass index (on average by 5.7%) were found.
Conclusions Nordic walking for postmenopausal women with overweight and obesity led to favorable hormonal responses, as well as improvement in muscle integrity and nutritional and inflammatory states, suggesting chronic, regular exercise as an effective tool in protecting against menopause-related catabolic processes.
Recent discoveries suggest that the critical events leading to the anti-proliferative activity of the IMiD immunomodulatory agents lenalidomide and pomalidomide in multiple myeloma (MM) cells are ...initiated by Cereblon-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of substrate proteins Ikaros (IKZF1) and Aiolos (IKZF3). By performing kinetic analyses, we found that the downregulation or proteasomal degradation of Ikaros and Aiolos led to specific and sequential downregulation of c-Myc followed by IRF4 and subsequent growth inhibition and apoptosis. Notably, to ensure growth inhibition and cell death, sustained downregulation of Ikaros and Aiolos, c-Myc or IRF4 expression was required. In addition, we found that the half-maximal rate, rather than the final extent of Ikaros and Aiolos degradation, correlated to the relative efficacy of growth inhibition by lenalidomide or pomalidomide. Finally, we observed that all four transcription factors were elevated in primary MM samples compared with normal plasma cells. Taken together, our results suggest a functional link between Ikaros and Aiolos, and the pathological dysregulation of c-Myc and IRF4, and provide a new mechanistic understanding of the relative efficacy of lenalidomide and pomalidomide based on the kinetics of substrate degradation and downregulation of their downstream targets.
About 99 per cent of solar energy is produced through sequences of nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen into helium, starting from the fusion of two protons (the pp chain). The neutrinos emitted ...by five of these reactions represent a unique probe of the Sun's internal working and, at the same time, offer an intense natural neutrino beam for fundamental physics. Here we report a complete study of the pp chain. We measure the neutrino-electron elastic-scattering rates for neutrinos produced by four reactions of the chain: the initial proton-proton fusion, the electron-capture decay of beryllium-7, the three-body proton-electron-proton (pep) fusion, here measured with the highest precision so far achieved, and the boron-8 beta decay, measured with the lowest energy threshold. We also set a limit on the neutrino flux produced by the
He-proton fusion (hep). These measurements provide a direct determination of the relative intensity of the two primary terminations of the pp chain (pp-I and pp-II) and an indication that the temperature profile in the Sun is more compatible with solar models that assume high surface metallicity. We also determine the survival probability of solar electron neutrinos at different energies, thus probing simultaneously and with high precision the neutrino flavour-conversion paradigm, both in vacuum and in matter-dominated regimes.
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