Chronic early trauma alters children's stress reactivity and increases the prevalence of anxiety disorders; yet the neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms underpinning this effect are not fully clear. ...Animal studies indicate that the mother's physiology and behavior mediate offspring stress in a system-specific manner, but few studies tested this external-regulatory maternal role in human children exposed to chronic stress.
We followed a unique cohort of children exposed to continuous wartime trauma (N = 177; exposed; N = 101, controls; N = 76). At 10 years, maternal and child's salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) and oxytocin (OT), biomarkers of the immune and affiliation systems, were assayed, maternal and child relational behaviors observed, mother and child underwent psychiatric diagnosis, and child anxiety symptoms assessed.
War-exposed mothers had higher s-IgA, lower OT, more anxiety symptoms, and their parenting was characterized by reduced sensitivity. Exposed children showed higher s-IgA, more anxiety disorders and post traumatic stress disorder, and more anxiety symptoms. Path analysis model defined three pathways by which maternal physiology and behavior impacted child anxiety; (a) increasing maternal s-IgA, which led to increased child s-IgA, augmenting child anxiety; (b) reducing maternal OT, which linked with diminished child OT and social repertoire; and (c) increasing maternal anxiety, which directly impacted child anxiety.
Our findings, the first to measure immune and affiliation biomarkers in mothers and children, detail their unique and joint effects on children's anxiety in response to stress; highlight the relations between chronic stress, immune activation, and anxiety in children; and describe how processes of biobehavioral synchrony shape children's long-term adaptation.
Abstract The existence of a secondary (in addition to compact object mergers) source of heavy element ( r -process) nucleosynthesis, the core-collapse of rapidly rotating and highly magnetized ...massive stars, has been suggested by both simulations and indirect observational evidence. Here, we probe a predicted signature of r -process enrichment, a late-time (≳40 days post-burst) distinct red color, in observations of gamma-ray burst supernovae (GRB-SNe), which are linked to these massive star progenitors. We present optical to near-IR color measurements of four GRB-SNe at z ≲ 0.4, extending out to >500 days post-burst, obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope and large-aperture ground-based telescopes. Comparison of our observations to models indicates that GRBs 030329, 100316D, and 130427A are consistent with both no enrichment and producing 0.01–0.15 M ⊙ of r -process material if there is a low amount of mixing between the inner r -process ejecta and outer supernova (SN) layers. GRB 190829A is not consistent with any models with r -process enrichment ≥0.01 M ⊙ . Taken together the sample of GRB-SNe indicates color diversity at late times. Our derived yields from GRB-SNe may be underestimated due to r -process material hidden in the SN ejecta (potentially due to low mixing fractions) or the limits of current models in measuring r -process mass. We conclude with recommendations for future search strategies to observe and probe the full distribution of r -process produced by GRB-SNe.
ABSTRACT
We present optical and ultraviolet photometry, as well as optical spectra, for the type II supernova (SN) 2015bf. Our observations cover the phases from ∼2 to ∼200 d after explosion. The ...first spectrum is characterized by a blue continuum with a blackbody temperature of ∼24 000 K and flash-ionized emission lines. After about 1 week, the spectra of SN 2015bf evolve like those of a regular SN II. From the luminosity of the narrow emission component of H α, we deduce that the mass-loss rate is larger than ${\sim}3.7\times 10^{-3}\, {\rm M_\odot \, yr^{-1}}$. The disappearance of the flash features in the first week after explosion indicates that the circumstellar material is confined within ∼6 × 1014 cm. Thus, we suggest that the progenitor of SN 2015bf experienced violent mass loss shortly before the supernova explosion. The multiband light curves show that SN 2015bf has a high peak luminosity with an absolute visual magnitude MV = −18.11 ± 0.08 mag and a fast post-peak decline with a V-band decay of 1.22 ± 0.09 mag within ∼50 d after maximum light. Moreover, the R-band tail luminosity of SN 2015bf is fainter than that of SNe II with similar peak by 1–2 mag, suggesting a small amount of 56Ni (${\sim}0.009\, {\rm M_\odot }$) synthesized during the explosion. Such a low nickel mass indicates that the progenitor of SN 2015bf could be a super-asymptotic-giant-branch star that collapsed owing to electron capture.
This unique book provides a guide to the selection of appropriate production and manufacturing methods for postgraduate and professional manufacturing engineers. It starts by helping the reader to ...identify the required objectives of industrial management for their particular situation. Having identified the objectives an analytical assessment of the available production and management methods is made. The analytical system presents an objective method of production selection. For example, this practical book will help the reader to decide whether or not a local Just-in-Time process is needed or a full chain JIT method is needed. Alternatively the problem may be deciding between set-up time reduction or changeover time reduction. Should TQM be ceded to PCIs? This book covers nearly all methods of production and manufacturing and will prove the most comprehensive guide to choosing and using these methods.
In this work, BVRI light curves of 55 Type II supernovae (SNe II) from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search programme obtained with the Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope and the 1 m Nickel ...telescope from 2006 to 2018 are presented. Additionally, more than 150 spectra gathered with the 3 m Shane telescope are published. We conduct an analyse of the peak absolute magnitudes, decline rates, and time durations of different phases of the light and colour curves. Typically, our light curves are sampled with a median cadence of 5.5 d for a total of 5093 photometric points. In average, V-band plateau declines with a rate of 1.29 mag (100 d)(exp −1), which is consistent with previously published samples. For each band, the plateau slope correlates with the plateau length and the absolute peak magnitude: SNe II with steeper decline have shorter plateau duration and are brighter. A time-evolution analysis of spectral lines in term of velocities and pseudo-equivalent widths is also presented in this paper. Our spectroscopic sample ranges between 1 and 200 d post-explosion and has a median ejecta expansion velocity at 50 d post-explosion of 6500 km s(exp −1) (H α line) and a standard dispersion of 2000 km s(exp −1). Nebular spectra are in good agreement with theoretical models using a progenitor star having a mass <16M⨀. All the data are available to the community and will help to understand SN II diversity better, and therefore to improve their utility as cosmological distance indicators.
The past decade has witnessed a substantial increase in the number of affiliations listed by individual authors of scientific papers. Some authors now list an astonishing number of institutions, ...sometimes exceeding 20, 30, or more. This trend raises concerns regarding the genuine scientific contributions these authors make at each institution they claim to be affiliated with. To address this issue, our study conducted a comprehensive regional analysis of the growth of both domestic and international multi-affiliations over the past decade. Our findings reveal certain countries that have experienced an abnormal surge in international multi-affiliation authorships. Coupled with the high numbers of affiliations involved, this emphasizes the need for careful scrutiny of the actual scientific contributions made by these authors and the importance of safeguarding the integrity of scientific output and networks.
This paper is mainly concerned with the Identification of an embryonic product platform from a family of products whose composition, configuration and characteristics are represented by Attributed ...Graphs. The problem becomes that of identifying the largest isomorphic sub-graph with the highest similarity. An algorithm is proposed for solving this problem together with several novel concepts.
All-embracing manufacturing is a system that aims to dissolve the complexity of the manufacturing process and restore the inherent simplicity. It claims that production is very simple and flexible by ...nature. However, the complexity is a result of the production system approach which makes it rigid and therefore complex. All-embracing manufacturing introduces flexibility to production planning, it eliminates constraints, bottlenecks, and disruptions automatically while it restores the simplicity. No decision is made ahead of time, but only at the time of execution. It introduces technology as dominant part of manufacturing. It is a computer oriented system that imitates human behavior i.e. practically as any of us behave in daily personal life.
We present a new approach to the tracking of very non rigid patterns of motion, such as water flowing down a stream. The algorithm is based on a "disturbance map", which is obtained by linearly ...subtracting the temporal average of the previous frames from the new frame. Every local motion creates a disturbance having the form of a wave, with a "head" at the present position of the motion and a historical "tail" that indicates the previous locations of that motion. These disturbances serve as loci of attraction for "tracking particles" that are scattered throughout the image. The algorithm is very fast and can be performed in real time. We provide excellent tracking results on various complex sequences, using both stabilized and moving cameras, showing: a busy ant column, waterfalls, rapids and, flowing streams, shoppers in a mall, and cars in a traffic intersection.
In the mid 1960s, production management underwent dramatic changesin itsconceptsand systemsby turning to scientific management theories. Integrated Manufacturing System (IMS) was developed and ...received unanimous recognition as the manufacturing structure. With time, the ideas of Material Requirement Planning (MRP); Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM); Communication Oriented Production Integrated Control Systems (COPICS) were developed. These integrated systems were designed as working systems, therefore with a strong consideration to reliability. Unfortunately, with all the scientific and logical foundations, the implementation of these systems was not a successful venture. In retrospect, these systems were premature, as the implementation tools, e.g. computer hardware and software, could not support the system requirements. The systems relied on integration of data from all sources, administrative, graphics, CAD and CAM. Such integration called for a strong communication technology and data base organization which were not available at that time. To design a practical system, the developer compromised with the objectives. Instead of constructing a working system, they turned to information systems, which means that the user may pose an inquiry and the computer will retrieve the required data. What to do with the retrieved data and how to evaluate its reliability is the user's responsibility. Today, the above technologies are available, and practically the initial production management concepts may be implemented. However, the trend of compromising between manufacturing needs and computer science capabilities continued and is the basis of the magnificent production management systems that are proposed today. It is proposed that for the next century, production management systems will supplement today's systems with the working concepts that were neglected in the past due to inappropriate computer hardware and software. herefore, the following issues are proposed for the next cenT tury: (1) Improve CAD systems; (2) Complete the research on process planning; (3) Incorporate technology into production management; (4) Introduce reliability checks to the Information Technology.
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