Urban areas are pivotal to global adaptation and mitigation efforts. But how do cities actually perform in terms of climate change response? This study sheds light on the state of urban climate ...change adaptation and mitigation planning across Europe. Europe is an excellent test case given its advanced environmental policies and high urbanization. We performed a detailed analysis of 200 large and medium-sized cities across 11 European countries and analysed the cities’ climate change adaptation and mitigation plans. We investigate the regional distribution of plans, adaptation and mitigation foci and the extent to which planned greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions contribute to national and international climate objectives. To our knowledge, it is the first study of its kind as it does not rely on self-assessment (questionnaires or social surveys). Our results show that 35 % of European cities studied have no dedicated mitigation plan and 72 % have no adaptation plan. No city has an adaptation plan without a mitigation plan. One quarter of the cities have both an adaptation and a mitigation plan and set quantitative GHG reduction targets, but those vary extensively in scope and ambition. Furthermore, we show that if the planned actions within cities are nationally representative the 11 countries investigated would achieve a 37 % reduction in GHG emissions by 2050, translating into a 27 % reduction in GHG emissions for the EU as a whole. However, the actions would often be insufficient to reach national targets and fall short of the 80 % reduction in GHG emissions recommended to avoid global mean temperature rising by 2 °C above pre-industrial levels.
Abstract Shared decision making (SDM) has found its way into mental health care to a limited extent only, and especially “challenging” patients do not benefit from this approach. In this lecture we ...will describe barriers to shared decision making among mental health professionals and among patients. Integrative approaches will be presented that meet the needs of patients and mental health staff when aiming at implementing SDM in acute mental health settings. Finally, best practice examples will illustrate that SDM actually can be implemented in the very acute settings/treatment phases and yields positive results. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
Globally, efforts are underway to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and to adapt to climate change impacts at the local level. However, there is a poor understanding of the relationship ...between city strategies on climate change mitigation and adaptation and the relevant policies at national and European level. This paper describes a comparative study and evaluation of cross-national policy. It reports the findings of studying the climate change strategies or plans from 200 European cities from Austria, Belgium, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom. The study highlights the shared responsibility of global, European, national, regional and city policies. An interpretation and illustration of the influences from international and national networks and policy makers in stimulating the development of local strategies and actions is proposed. It was found that there is no archetypical way of planning for climate change, and multiple interests and motivations are inevitable. Our research warrants the need for a multi-scale approach to climate policy in the future, mainly ensuring sufficient capacity and resource to enable local authorities to plan and respond to their specific climate change agenda for maximising the management potentials for translating environmental challenges into opportunities.
•The paper reports on international agreements, alliances and EU policies to tackle climate change.•It describes climate change policies from 200 cities (16.7% of the EU-28 population) across 11 European countries (71.4%).•The paper shows the links of global, EU and national policies and networks on urban/city strategies.•The analysis shows that many cities tackle the causes (65%) and consequence (28%) of climate change.•The influence of national climate change policies on local climate strategies or plans are discussed.
Dehydrogenative borylation of terminal alkynes has recently emerged as an atom-economical one-step alternative to traditional alkyne borylation methodologies. Using lithium aminoborohydrides, formed ...in situ from the corresponding amine-boranes and
-butyllithium, a variety of aromatic and aliphatic terminal alkyne substrates were successfully borylated in high yield. The potential to form mono-, di-, and tri-
-alkynylated products has been shown, though the mono-product is primarily generated using the presented condition. The reaction has been demonstrated at large (up to 50 mmol) scale, and the products are stable to column chromatography as well as acidic and basic aqueous conditions. Alternately, the dehydroborylation can be achieved by treating alkynyllithiums with amine-boranes. In that respect, aldehydes can act as starting materials by conversion to the 1,1-dibromoolefin and in situ rearrangement to the lithium acetylide.
We conducted a 12-month-long experiment in a financial services company to study how the availability of treadmill workstations affects employees' physical activity and work performance. We enlisted ...sedentary volunteers, half of whom received treadmill workstations during the first two months of the study and the rest in the seventh month of the study. Participants could operate the treadmills at speeds of 0-2 mph and could use a standard chair-desk arrangement at will. (a) Weekly online performance surveys were administered to participants and their supervisors, as well as to all other sedentary employees and their supervisors. Using within-person statistical analyses, we find that overall work performance, quality and quantity of performance, and interactions with coworkers improved as a result of adoption of treadmill workstations. (b) Participants were outfitted with accelerometers at the start of the study. We find that daily total physical activity increased as a result of the adoption of treadmill workstations.
Introduction
Challenged by the lack of collaboration between treatment sectors in psychiatric care in Germany, a legal basis for the implementation of Stationsäquivalente Behandlung (StäB), a ...programme for crisis resolution and home treatment (CRHT), was formed in 2017. It offers intensive care to patients with severe mental illness in their own living environments, carried out by a team of diverse professionals.
Objectives
The present analysis is the first to evaluate the CRHT-program that has been established in the greater Munich area in 2018.
Methods
Qualitative and quantitative data were collected within the framework of a mixed-methods-analysis. Records of all patients (N=139) included in the CRHT over a thirteen-month period (’18–’19) were examined regarding sociodemographic, clinical parameters, and treatment data. A focus group with StäB-employees (N=8) and individual interviews with patients (N=10) were conducted, then transcribed, and analysed using thematic analysis.
Results
139 patients (74% female) were treated in 164 cases for 38 days on average. Main diagnoses were schizophrenic diseases (43%) and mood disorders (35%), with patients ranging from markedly to severely ill (mean CGI-S: 5.8). 9.4% were in postpartum. Qualitative analysis is still in progress. Preliminary results demonstrate positive responses to individual treatment and environmental integration, whereas frequently changing contacts and the logistical effort were seen critically.
Conclusions
Work is still in progress. We expect StäB to be an adequate alternative to inpatient treatment for women in puerperium and a new opportunity for patients who need intensive treatment but refuse hospitalisation.
Polarization of macrophages by specific micro-environmental conditions impacts upon their function following subsequent activation. This study aimed to systematically validate robust phenotypic ...markers for in vitro polarized human macrophages in order to facilitate the study of macrophage subsets in vivo.
Human peripheral blood monocytes were polarized in vitro with IFN-γ, IL-4, or IL-10. Similar experiments were performed with TNF, IL-13, dexamethasone, M-CSF and GM-CSF as polarizing stimuli. Phenotypic markers were assessed by flow cytometry and qPCR.
IFN-γ polarized macrophages (MΦIFN-γ) specifically enhanced membrane expression of CD80 and CD64, IL-4 polarized macrophages (MΦIL-4) mainly upregulated CD200R and CD206, and downregulated CD14 levels, and IL-10 polarized macrophages (MΦIL-10) selectively induced CD163, CD16, and CD32. The expression profiles of the most specific markers were confirmed by qPCR, dose–response experiments, and the use of alternative polarizing factors for each macrophage subset (TNF, IL-13, and dexamethasone, respectively). GM-CSF polarized macrophages (MΦGM-CSF) upregulated CD80 but not CD64 expression, showing a partial phenotypic similarity with MΦIFN-γ, and also upregulated the expression of the alternative activation marker CD206. M-CSF polarized macrophages (MΦM-CSF) not only expressed increased levels of CD163 and CD16, resembling MΦIL-10, but also displayed high levels of CD64. The phenotype of MΦM-CSF could be further modulated by additional polarization with IFN-γ, IL-4, or IL-10, whereas MΦGM-CSF showed less phenotypic plasticity.
This study validated CD80 as the most robust phenotypic marker for human MΦIFN-γ, whereas CD200R was upregulated and CD14 was specifically downregulated on MΦIL-4. CD163 and CD16 were found to be specific markers for MΦIL-10. The GM-CSF/M-CSF differentiation model showed only a partial phenotypic similarity with the IFN-γ/IL-4/IL-10 induced polarization.
The resilience of organisms to large-scale environmental and climatic change depends, in part, upon the ability to colonize and occupy new habitats. While previous efforts to describe homing, or ...natal site fidelity, of migratory organisms have been hindered by the confounding effects of fragmented landscapes and management practices, realistic conservation efforts must include considerations of the behavioral diversity represented by animal movements and dispersal. Herein, we quantify straying away from natal origins by adult chinook salmon (
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
) in a wild population that inhabits a pristine wilderness basin. Using natural isotopic signatures (
87
Sr/
86
Sr) to reconstruct the migratory behaviors of unhandled individuals over their entire life cycle, we identified ecological and behavioral factors influencing the propensity to stray. Our results indicate that natal site fidelity is scale dependent, ranging from 55% at ∼1-km distances to 87% at longer (>10-km scale) distances, and juvenile dispersal and sex highly influence straying occurrence. These findings lend support for the conservation of behavioral diversity for population persistence, and we propose straying as a mechanism for maintaining genetic diversity at low population densities.
Borane-pyridine acts as an efficient (5 mol%) liquid catalyst, providing improved solubility for the direct amidation of a wide range of aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids and amines to form ...secondary and tertiary carboxamides. Tolerance of potentially incompatible halo, nitro, and alkene functionalities has been demonstrated.
Coupling between the ablation catheter and myocardium is critical to resistively heat tissue with radiofrequency ablation. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether a novel local impedance ...(LI) measurement on an ablation catheter identifies catheter-tissue coupling and is predictive of lesion formation.
LI was studied in explanted hearts (n=10 swine) and in vivo (n=10; 50-70 kg swine) using an investigational electroanatomic mapping system that measures impedance from an ablation catheter with mini-electrodes incorporated in the distal electrode (Rhythmia and IntellaNav MiFi OI, Boston Scientific). Explanted tissue was placed in a warmed (37 °C) saline bath mounted on a scale, and LI was measured 15 mm away from tissue to 5 mm of catheter-tissue compression at multiple catheter angles. Lesions were created with 31 and 50 W for 5 to 45 seconds (n=90). During in vivo evaluation of LI, measurements of myocardium (n=90) and blood pool (n=30) were guided by intracardiac ultrasound while operators were blinded to LI data. Lesions were created with 31 and 50 W for 45 seconds in the ventricles (n=72). LI of myocardium (119.7 Ω) was significantly greater than that of blood pool (67.6 Ω;
<0.01). Models that incorporate LI drop (ΔLI) to predict lesion size had better performance than models that incorporate force-time integral (
=0.75 versus
=0.54) and generator impedance drop (
=0.82 versus
=0.58). Steam pops displayed a significantly higher starting LI and larger ΔLI compared with successful radiofrequency applications (
<0.01).
LI recorded from miniature electrodes provides a valuable measure of catheter-tissue coupling, and ΔLI is predictive of lesion formation during radiofrequency ablation.
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