Aiming for increased nickel and lower cobalt content in layered transition metal oxide cathodes (NCM) is a feasible strategy for achieving increased energy density and cost competitiveness in ...commercial lithium‐ion batteries. However, the practical long‐term cycling of NCM cathodes suffers from severe capacity degradation due to irreversible interface phase transformation and unavoidable crack formation. Herein, an in situ modification strategy is used to form a uniform and conformal Li1.8Sc0.8Ti1.2(PO4)3 (LSTP) protective layer by interconnecting the single‐crystal‐layered LiNi0.6Co0.1Mn0.3O2 (SC‐NCM) particles. LSTP surface modification helps to construct a robust cathode‐electrolyte interphase thin film between the cathode and the electrolyte, which can prevent SC‐NCM corrosion by electrolyte, and the stability of the mechanics can improve the intergranular cracks caused by long cycles under harsh conditions. Moreover, the LSTP conductive modification layer facilitates the lithium‐ion transport among cathode particles, effectively enhancing the rate capability. Impressively, the LSTP modified SC‐NCM exhibits a high reversible capacity of 144.3 mAh g−1 at the high discharge rate of 5 C and maintains a capacity retention of 90.27% even at the ultrahigh charge voltage of 4.6 V operation after 500 cycles. Moreover, in a pouch‐type full battery, the graphite/LSTP modified SC‐NCM maintains a capacity retention of 89.6% after 1700 cycles.
An innovative surface modification is developed to improve the long‐term cyclability and rate capability of a single‐crystalline Ni‐rich cathode. The surface modification strategy improves the mechanical stability and lithium‐ion transport, which creates a strong CEI interface to prevent electrolyte corrosion and improve the intergranular cracks caused by long cycles under harsh conditions.
•A new mechanism of punishment is proposed in the spatial public goods game.•Individuals with the majority strategy will punish those with the minority strategy.•The results show that cooperation is ...greatly enhanced by punishing minority.•Both of the first and the second phase transitions are found in our model.
Punishment is an effective way to sustain cooperation among selfish individuals. In most of previous studies, objects of punishment are set to be defectors. In this paper, we propose a mechanism of punishment, in which individuals with the majority strategy will punish those with the minority strategy in a public goods game group. Both theoretical analysis and simulation show that the cooperation level can be greatly enhanced by punishing minority. For no punishment or small values of punishment fine, the fraction of cooperators continuously increases with the multiplication factor. However, for large values of punishment fine, there exists a critical value of multiplication factor, at which the fraction of cooperators suddenly jumps from 0 to 1. The density of different types of groups is also studied.
In this paper, we study the effects of reputation-based investment strategy on cooperation in the spatial public goods games. The investment of one player to a particular group depends on the ...reputation of the group organizer. We define a player’s reputation as the frequency of cooperation in the past few time steps. Our results show that the cooperation level can be remarkably enhanced if a player invests more in the group organized by a higher-reputation leader. We explain this phenomenon by analyzing the income gap between cooperators and defectors at the interface that separates clusters of the two competing strategies. To have an intuitive understanding, we plot the snapshots of spatial distributions of players with different reputation. The effects of the memory length are also studied.
•We propose a reputation-based investment strategy in the public goods game.•The investment to a group depends on the reputation of the group organizer.•A player’s reputation is the frequency of cooperation in the past few time steps.
Inhibition of androgen receptor (AR) has been extensively investigated to treat prostate cancer. Resistance mechanisms such as increased levels of androgen production, increased AR gene, enhancer ...expression and AR point mutations always reduce the clinical efficacy. Design and discovery of small-molecule PROTAC AR degraders have been pursued as a new therapeutic strategy to overcome common resistance mechanisms developed during prostate cancer treatment. In the last two decades, potent and efficacious PROTAC AR degraders have been gotten rapid development and several such compounds have been advanced into preclinical phase and phase I/II trials for the treatment of human prostate cancers. Especially, the first PROTAC to enter the clinic, ARV-110, has shown good clinical effects in patients with mCRPC. This fully demonstrates the high clinical value of PROTAC strategy in treatment of human diseases. Here, we summarized the recent advances in the development of these potential clinical-stage PROTAC AR degraders.
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•AR is a clinically fully validated target for treatment of human prostate cancer.•PROTAC AR degraders overcome common resistance mechanisms developed during prostate cancer treatment with AR antagonists.•Good progress of AR degraders in Phase I/II fully demonstrates the highly clinical value of PROTAC strategy in treatment of human diseases.•Compounds with well-balanced physiochemical properties, like lower M.W. (∼800), good ClogP, ideal tPSA etc, are needed to be discovered to make them more orally bioavailable.
Obesity can affect periodontal tissues and exacerbate periodontitis. Pyroptosis, a newly identified type of inflammatory cell death, is involved in the development of periodontal inflammation. The ...saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (PA) is elevated in obese patients. The effect of PA on pyroptosis in periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) and its underlying mechanisms remain unknown.
Human PDLCs were isolated from healthy individuals and cultured for experiments. The effects of PA on PDLC pyroptosis and the underlying mechanisms were examined by transmission electron microscopy, quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting.
The morphology of PDLCs in the PA group indicated pyroptotic characteristics, including swollen cells, plasma membrane rupture and changes in subcellular organelles. PA induced inflammatory responses in PDLCs, as indicated by an increase in IL-1β in the cell culture supernatant. Furthermore, we found that the pyroptosis-related proteins caspase-1, caspase-4 and GSDMD were involved in PA-induced cell death. GSDMD and caspase-4 inhibitors alleviated pyroptotic death of PDLCs. Moreover, PA promoted NF-κB P65 phosphorylation. A NF-κB inhibitor decreased IL-1β expression and partly rescued cell death induced by PA.
PA activated the NF-κB pathway and induced the inflammatory response in PDLCs. Caspase-4/GSDMD mediated PDLC pyroptosis induced by PA.
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•Working principle of supercapacitors (SCs) is introduced.•Recent advances on electrode materials for flexible SCs are reviewed.•Various ways to enhance the performance of flexible ...SCs are discussed.•Current challenges and future prospect of flexible SCs are suggested.
In recent years, with the rapid economic development, real-time monitoring of human health has received extensive attention. Wearable health monitoring equipment with good malleability and resistance to distortion makes great progress. The flexible supercapacitors integrated into the textile are characterized by a simple production process, low cost, fast charge,-discharge speed, and long cycle life. Therefore it has superior performance and broad research prospects. This review mainly introduces the recent advances and challenges of flexible supercapacitors, focusing on various flexible substrates' synthesis and performance. It summarizes the most representative flexible electrode materials at this stage. The future development trend and direction of flexible supercapacitors are discussed as well. Finally, the challenges in practical applications are considered.
Three new polyoxometalate(POM)-based polynuclear nickel clusters, Na24Ni12(OH)9(CO3)3(PO4)(SiW9O34)3·56H2O (1), Na25Ni13(H2O)3(OH)9(PO4)4(SiW9O34)3·50H2O (2), and ...Na50Ni25(H2O)2OH)18(CO3)2(PO4)6(SiW9O34)6·85H2O (3) were synthesized and structurally characterized. Compounds 1–3 contain {Ni12}, {Ni13} and {Ni25} core, respectively, connected by the inorganic {OH}, {PO4} and/or {CO3} linkers and encapsulated by the lacunary A-α-{SiW9O34} POM units. Compound 3 represents the currently largest POM-based Ni clusters. All three compounds contain {Ni3O3} quasi-cubane or {Ni4O4} cubane units, which are similar to the natural oxygen-evolving center {Mn4O5Ca} in photosystem II (PSII). Visible light-driven water oxidation experiments with compounds 1–3 as the homogeneous catalysts indicate that all three compounds show good photocatalytic activities. The O2 evolution amount corresponds to a high TON of 128.2 for 1, 147.6 for 2, and 204.5 for 3, respectively. Multiple experiments including dynamic light-scattering, UV–vis absorption, catalysts aged experiments, tetra-n-heptylammonium nitrate (THpANO3) toluene extraction, and capillary electrophoretic measurements results confirm that compounds 1–3 are dominant active catalysts but not Ni2+ ions(aq) or nickel oxide under the photocatalytic conditions. The above research results indicate a new and all-inorganic polynuclear Ni-based structural model as the visible light-driven water oxidation catalysts.
This article concerns with the asynchronous boundary control for a class of Markov jump reaction-diffusion neural networks (MJRDNNs). In consideration of nonsynchronous behavior between the system ...modes and controller modes, a novel asynchronous boundary control design is proposed for MJRDNNs. Based on the designed asynchronous boundary controller, a sufficient criterion is established to ensure the stochastic finite-time boundedness for the considered MJRDNNs by constructing a Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional and utilizing Wirtinger-type inequality. Then, a sufficient condition is acquired to guarantee that MJRDNNs are stochastic finite-time bounded with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">H_{\infty } </tex-math></inline-formula> performance. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method.
A series of all-inorganic, abundant-metal-based, high-nuclearity cobalt–phosphate (Co–Pi) molecular catalysts {Co4(OH)3(PO4)}4(SiW9O34)432– (1), {Co4(OH)3(PO4)}4(GeW9O34)432– (2), ...{Co4(OH)3(PO4)}4(PW9O34)428– (3), and {Co4(OH)3(PO4)}4(AsW9O34)428– (4) were synthesized and shown to be highly effective at photocatalytic water oxidation. The {Co16(PO4)4} cluster contains a Co4O4 cubane which is structurally analogous to the Mn3CaO4 core of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) in photosystem II (PSII). Compounds 1–4 were shown to be the first POM-based Co–Pi-cluster molecular catalysts for visible light-driven water oxidation, thus serving as a functional model of the OEC in PSII. The systematic synthesis of four isostructural analogues allowed for investigating the influence of different heteroatoms in the POM ligands on the photocatalytic activities of these Co–Pi cluster WOCs. Further, the POM-based photocatalysts readily recrystallized from the photocatalytic reaction systems with the polyoxoanion structures unchanged, which together with the laser flash photolysis, dynamic light-scattering, 31P NMR, UV–vis absorption, POM extraction, and ICP-MS analysis results collectively confirmed that compounds 1–4 maintain their structural integrity under the photocatalytic conditions. This study provides not only a valuable molecular model of the “Co–Pi” catalysts with a well-defined structure but also an unprecedented opportunity to fine-tune high-nuclearity POM clusters for visible light-driven water splitting.
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