A novel two-branched twistacene (
) has been designed and synthesized for application on ultrafast optical limiting. This twistacene exhibits excellent two photon absorption and two photon ...absorption-induced excited singlet state absorption, which was systematically investigated with a femtosecond Z-scan experiment, transient absorption spectrum, and two-photon excited fluorescence experiments. The admirable two photon absorption is attributed to the high degree of π electron delocalization in twistacene which is caused by introduction of two strong donors. The excited singlet state absorption cooperates with two-photon absorption to provide an excellent ultrafast optical limiting behavior with high linear transmittance, where the thresholds are 2.3-5.3 mJ/cm
in the spectral region of 532-800 nm of femtosecond laser and 133 mJ/cm
for picosecond pulse at 532 nm. These thresholds are lower than that of most of the optical limiters reported previously, which indicates
is a promising candidate for ultrafast optical limiting.
•Diverse neuronal antibodies,such as anti-NMDAR, anti-AMPAR, anti-GABA-AR, anti-GABA-BR, anti-LGI1, and etc., were found to be associated with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and AE-related ...epilepsy.•Epidemiologically, there are still gaps in demonstrating the combination of AE with seizures, the development of AE to epilepsy, and the positive rate of antibodies in patients with epilepsy.•Understanding the epidemiology of AE and AE-related epilepsy is crucial and beneficial for early health care management, therapeutic strategies and decision, as well as prognosis prediction.
Diverse neuronal antibodies are related to autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and AE-related epilepsy. However, the epidemiological characteristics of AE, AE-associated antibodies, and AE-related seizures are still unclear.
This research evaluated the relationship between AE, AE-related seizures, and neuronal antibodies, as well as the morbidity of AE with early incidence.
The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases were searched. Pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model.
Of the 4,869 citations identified, 100 articles were reviewed in full, and 42 subgroups were analyzed. The overall incidence of AE patients with seizures was 42% (95% CI: 0.40–0.44), and among them, the incidence of epilepsy in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis patients was 73% (95% CI: 0.70–0.77). Subsequently, we found that the prevalence of AE as the cause of epilepsy within the pooled period was 1% (95% CI: 0.01–0.02), while the overall positive rate of neuronal antibodies in epilepsy patients was 4% (95% CI: 0.03–0.05). Additionally, the detection rates of different antibodies among epilepsy patients were as follows: anti-NMDAR, 1%; anti-leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1), 1%; anti-contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2), 2%.
Based on our findings, neuronal antibodies may serve as a bridge to study AE and immune-related epilepsy. To further understand the differences in outcomes following different treatment measures, and to provide more information for public health policy and prevention, more research is needed to improve the accuracy of estimations.
The influences of bismuth doping contents on the structure, morphology and electrical properties of amorphous bismuth-doped tin oxide (a-TBO) thin films have been investigated. With the increase of ...Bi content, the resistivity of TBO films monotonously increases due to the decreased oxygen vacancies. The thin-film transistors (TFTs) with a-TBO films as channel layers have been prepared on SiO 2 -Si substrate. Through the comparison of the transfer characteristic curves of the TFTs with different Bi contents, it is observed that Bi doping is useful to suppress the excess carrier concentration and improve the performances. TBO-TFTs with Bi content 2.7 at.% show the optimum performances, with a field effect mobility of 4.7 cm 2 V -1 s -1 , a threshold voltage of -3.9 V, a subthreshold swing value of 1.3 V/decade, and an ON-OFF current ratio of 2.3 × 10 6 . In addition, the bias stress stabilities of intrinsic SnO 2 TFTs and a-TBO TFTs were compared and analyzed.
Epilepsy is a common disorder with complex inheritance, and its treatment is very unsatisfactory. An association between the GABRG2 C588T polymorphism and genetic generalized epilepsy has been ...studied by several genetic association studies. However, these results were inconsistent, and the role of GABRG2 in epilepsy treatment remains unknown. To evaluate the role of GABRG2 in epilepsy, we performed meta‐analysis, expression quantitative trait loci analysis, protein–protein interaction analysis, and drug–gene interaction analysis. The combined results indicated that the GABRG2 C588T polymorphism was associated with genetic generalized epilepsy risk under dominant and allelic models (odds ratio OR = 1.25, 95% confidence interval CI = 1.02–1.54, p = 0.03, I2 = 0% and OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.03–1.42, p = 0.02, I2 = 20%, respectively). In the Asian population, we also found similar results under dominant and allelic models (OR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.18–3.16, p = 0.009, I2 = 0% and OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.20–2.37, p = 0.003, I2 = 11%, respectively). We first found that the GABRG2 C588T polymorphism regulates GABRG2 expression in human brain tissues and that the protein encoded by GABRG2 interacts with targets of approved antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Interestingly, we also found that GABRG2 itself interacts with approved AEDs. Taken together, the results indicate that the C588T polymorphism might alter the GABAA receptor by modulating GABRG2 gene expression, resulting in increased risk for epilepsy, and that GABRG2 may be a potential therapeutic target for epilepsy.
A number of Public Administration (PA) scholars have raised concerns regarding the discipline’s neglect of macroeconomic challenges. Our article focuses on the link between macroeconomic trends and ...PA. We submit that PA needs to address changing economic structure, shrinking workforce, growing financial leverage, and rising wealth inequity to maintain relevance. Study of these trends complements PA research on government revenue reform and economic development. Furthermore, we suggest PA rebalances its underlying assumptions regarding intellectual boundaries and view of human nature. Without a paradigm shift, PA may lose any legitimate claim to be an appropriate administrative science.
The linear and nonlinear optical properties of two BODIPY derivatives, 1,7-Diphenyl-3,5-bis(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-boron-diuoride-azadipyrromethene (ZL-61) and ...1,7-Diphenyl-3,5-bis(4-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl)phenyl)-boron-diuoride-azadipyrromethene (ZL-22), were comprehensively investigated based on experimental and theoretical studies. It was found that both compounds show a strong two-photon absorption response in the near-infrared regime, and the two-photon-absorption cross-section values of ZL-61 and ZL-22 were determined to be 8321 GM and 1864 GM at 800 nm, respectively. The improvement of the two-photon absorption cross section in ZL-61 was attributed to the enhancement of the donor group, which was confirmed by transient absorption measurements and DFT calculation. Our results indicate that these BODIPY derivatives are a promising candidate for optical limiting and two-photon imaging applications.
Both Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and epilepsy are common chronic diseases in older people. Seizures and epileptiform discharges are very prevalent in AD and can occur since any stage of AD. Increasing ...evidence indicates that AD and epilepsy may be comorbid. Several factors may be related to the underlying mechanism of the comorbidity. Identifying seizures in patients with AD is a challenge because seizures are often clinically non-motor and may overlap with some AD symptoms. Not only seizures but also epileptiform discharges may exacerbate the cognitive decline in AD patients, highlighting the importance of early recognition and treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of seizures in AD from multiple aspects to provide more insight.
Chemokine C-X3-C motif ligand 1 (CX3CL1, alias fractalkine), is highly expressed in the central nervous system and participates in inflammatory responses. Recent studies indicated that inflammatory ...processes within the brain constitute a common and crucial mechanism in the pathophysiological characteristics of epilepsy. This study investigated the expression pattern of CX3CL1 in epilepsy and its relationship with neuronal loss. Double immunolabeling, IHC, and immunoblotting results showed that CX3CL1 expression was up-regulated in the temporal neocortex of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. In a rat model of epilepsy, CX3CL1 up-regulation began 6 hours after epilepsy, with relatively high expression for 60 days. In addition, ELISA revealed that the concentrations of CX3CL1 in cerebrospinal fluid and serum were higher in epileptic patients than in patients with neurosis but lower than in patients with inflammatory neurological diseases. Moreover, H&E staining demonstrated significant neuronal loss in the brains of epileptic patients and in the rat model. Finally, the expression of tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand was significantly increased in both patients and the animal model, suggesting that tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand may play a role in CX3CL1-induced cell death. Thus, our results indicate that CX3CL1 may serve as a possible biomarker of brain inflammation in epileptic patients.
Epilepsy is a chronic, relapsing neurological disorder, and current treatments focus primarily on neurons, yet one-third of patients still develop drug-resistant epilepsy. Therefore, there is an ...urgent need to explore new therapeutic targets. Interestingly, astrocytes can transfer their healthy mitochondria into neighboring neurons, thus preventing neuronal damage. Astrocyte mitochondria have been shown to have a therapeutic role in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. However, their therapeutic effect in epilepsy and its related mechanisms have been less studied. In this review, we mainly summarize the regulatory role of astrocyte mitochondria in glutamate, calcium ion, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) homeostasis and outline the protective role of astrocyte mitochondria in nervous system diseases, revealing a new target for epilepsy treatment.
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