The structure of Tvrđa and its buildings date back to the Middle Ages. Tvrđa represents the Old Town of the city of Osijek and the best-preserved and largest ensemble of Baroque buildings in Croatia. ...After the withdrawal of the Ottomans in 1687, during the 18th century, the Austro-Hungarian administration systematically formed a new fortification system, regulated streets and squares and built a large number of military objects. Tvrđa took its present form in the 19th century and has kept it since then. Investigating the historical development of individual buildings, in addition to archival sources and existing architectural documentation, the obvious source of information are the buildings themselves. The aim of this paper is to explore the possibilities of using infrared thermography to find structural elements and hidden openings in historic buildings in Osijek’s Tvrđa. This paper describes the exploration of the 18th century openings on the facades of the former Kostić houses. The facades were bricked into the walls in the 19th century because houses were reused and their purposes changed from commercial to residential. Infrared thermography is often a starting, nondestructive testing method (NDT) for building analyses. This paper presents thermographic analyses of two buildings. The analyses were carried out in December 2017 and January 2018. Using a steady-state thermographic analysis of a building envelope as the first step, the audit was continued with step heating (SH) of an interest point where changes in a thermal pattern were expected due to additional bricking. Heat flux was generated by the usage of a heat gun for paint removal.
U članku se razmatraju prostorne i oblikovne značajke stambene arhitekture Osijeka u 18. stoljeću. To su većinom građanske kuće obrtnika, trgovaca, gradskih i vojnih činovnika, koje nastaju na ...parcelama unutar planski izgrađenoga grada-tvrđave. Kuće imaju karakteristična tlocrtna obilježja koja čine nizovi i grupe prostorija, kod kvalitetnijih u prizemlju redovito s vežom, koja može biti centrirana ili decentrirana u odnosu na središnju os, a na katu reprezentativni salon. Identificiraju se pojedinačni primjeri kuća, s obzirom na vrijeme nastanka i naručitelje, kao i arhitektonska rješenja, uz bitnu odrednicu da je riječ mahom o reprezentativnim katnicama višeg standarda koje su se isticale u vizuri grada. One u izvjesnoj mjeri preuzimaju elemente s javnih i vojnih zgrada što se tumači djelovanjem istih graditelja i projektanata – vojnih inženjera koji su bili angažirani na gradnji tvrđave, a koji dokumentirano projektiraju i građanske kuće.
Th e article analyses the spatial arrangement of members of the elite Dubrovnik confraternity of St Anthony along the main Dubrovnik street-square Placa (today’s Stradun) during the 15th century. Th ...is confraternity, founded in the mid-14th century, brought together the most distinguished and most powerful merchants of Dubrovnik, and the sources sometimes refer to it as the “scuola dei mercadanti”. At the same time, it was an institutional hub for the Dubrovnik commoner elite: wealthy and influential merchants, and public officials (chancellors, notaries, doctors, teachers) who, due to the closure of the ruling noble class after the serrata of the Major Council in the 1330s, could not participate in the bodies of political governance. However, this secondary elite of Dubrovnik, as the Antunini can indeed be called, sustained the trade and economy of Dubrovnik together with the nobility during the golden age of the Republic in the 15th and 16th centuries. Th e article analyses the spatial distribution of the Antunini, with a particular focus on the most representative part of the city. Th e central question is how the social mobility of this group of people was mirrored in space. What do changes in terms of space – continuities and discontinuities in rooms rented for economic purposes, presence in certain parts of the city, the continuity of housing and residence, residential mobility, and the level of possession – speak about the social movements in Dubrovnik during its “golden age”? Following a chronological presentation of Placa’s development into the main communication line in the city, we have used the register of leases of municipal houses as the main source for our analysis, given that the Dubrovnik authorities applied, as in the Italian cities, the system of leases in the distribution and use of municipal real estate, built from the mid-14th century. Leasers of elite business premises along Placa have been prosopographically identified, with a focus on the members of the confraternity of St Anthony, which showed a strong presence of Antunini in the best locations. It turned out that the most prominent, and in terms of business most powerful Antunini, rented municipal houses from the beginning of the 15th century in the eastern, elite part of Placa – east of the church of Petilovrijenac and the mint, all the way to the Sponza Palace and St Blaise’s church. Moreover, our analysis of the housing arrangement of this social group has shown that the northern part of the city, the sestiere of St Nicholas (today’s Prijeko) can indeed be considered an Antunini neighbourhood, which is hardly surprising given that residences were still available there in the 14th and 15th centuries, and that the district could receive new enterprising people, as most of the Antunini were. But in spite of the great concentration of residents in Prijeko, many of these people, in accordance with their growing social status and economic power, soon acquired representative houses in other parts of the city, including its elite areas and next to the noble houses. And whereas in the sphere of governance and political decision-making there were fixed borders between the social strata, symbolized by every call of the bell to the meetings of the Major Council, in which the commoner elite could not participate, here, in the area of entrepreneurship, and for many residence as well, there were no barriers preventing the commoners from living wall to wall with the nobility, sharing the prestigious space of Placa and the city’s sestieri, as well as the daily rhythm of Dubrovnik’s golden and less golden days.
This paper focuses on the spatial distribution of Dubrovnik’s urban elite, observed on the examples of the families of Matijaš de Mençe and Anđelo Ljutica, in the period from the late 13th to the ...mid-14th century and the time of Black Death. Using the methods of social topography and prosopography, the authors have studied the interrelation of the social and ownership statuses of these families, addressing the question of their social and spatial interconnections. In the early 14th century, both families belonged to the elite urban circles, but with a key difference: one of them was noble, and the other a family of commoners.
The paper provides a detailed overview of the real estate owned by the Mençe family in the burgus of Dubrovnik during the 13th and the first half of the 14th century. In this period, this very ...branched noble family played a very important role in the social, economic, and political life of the city, as well as the formation of the burgus. The author genealogically follows the estates of all those for whom we have data on real estate in the preserved documents. The expansion of the family shows that marriage strategy was crucial, namely marrying wealthy girls, who brought significant valuable assets in dowry and even real estate in the late 13th century. Another relevant factor for strengthening the family was the number of male descendants, and in case of widowhood, noblemen sought to remarry to a young girl from a family of affiliate interests. These were regularly families that were in some kind of relations – economic, neighbourly, clan, or all three. One can only speculate that the division of land in the burgus, outside the old city walls, had (among other things) to do with the political affiliation of those who largely stayed in Pustijerna and later, with the expansion of the city to the north, moved to a new zone near Pile. During the researched period, the spatially and functionally different suburbs of Dubrovnik – both new and old – were reshaped and unified to form a new city centre. This long and complex process was accompanied by the construction of city walls (in different phases) and changing the old lines of communications in relation to the key points of the city. The transformation of the suburban area into an urban one included, in addition to creating new streets, the division of large blocks into plots for building houses, which resulted in a change in the relationship between the centre and the periphery, as well as the residential mobility of the population. Some of the old noble families, including the Mençe, took advantage of these changes and spread from the old town area to the former suburban gardens. The new estates had multiple functions – they were used for housing, for rent, or to store merchandize they traded in. These functions were subject to change over time and followed the process of urbanization, i.e. the conversion of the burgus into a construction area and an increase in population. The city became the economic centre towards which a wider area gravitated, and not only within the territory of Dubrovnik. Looking at the estates of an elite family and the social topography of the suburbs, as well as the distribution of the estates such an elite family owned, allows us to understand family ties, political orientations, economic activities, marriage strategies, and the way in which the building area in Dubrovnik was structured and used in the period when the city experienced one of the most extensive urban transformations in its history.
Autorice donose pregled razvoja Place u glavnu poslovnu zonu srednjovjekovnoga Dubrovnika te prateći upisnik zakupnika poslovnih prostora raščlanjuju smještaj i nazočnost članova dubrovačke elitne ...Bratovštine sv. Antuna na njoj. U članku se raščlanjuje međuodnos društvene i prostorne mobilnosti toga sloja, prate neke izdvojene biografije koje ilustriraju taj odnos i donosi se sociotopografski prikaz korisnika najvrjednijega fonda dubrovačkih općinskih nekretnina.
U radu se prati prostorni razmještaj dubrovačke gradske elite na primjerima obitelji Mençe i Ljutica u razdoblju od uvođenja notarskih spisa (posljednjih desetljeća 13. stoljeća) do sredine 14. ...stoljeća (vremena Crne smrti). Kombiniranom metodom socijalne topografije i prozopografije autori su nastojali pratiti međuodnos društvenog i posjedovnog statusa ovih obitelji, te raščlaniti pitanje društvene i prostorne povezanosti dviju obitelji, koje su obje po svom statusu početkom 14. stoljeća bile dijelom elitnog gradskog sloja, s ključnom razlikom po kojoj je jedna bila plemićka, a druga pučka. Autori su nastojali naglasiti povezanost društva i prostora u srednjovjekovnom gradu. U radu su ubicirali nekretnine koje su posjedovali ili kojima su se koristili pripadnici nekoliko generacija spomenutih obitelji. Analizirano je njihovo grupiranje u određenim zonama dubrovačkoga predgrađa (kasnije središta grada) koje su ovisile o obiteljskim i profesionalnim vezama, ali i općem razvoju toga dijela grada. To je razdoblje vrlo dinamično u gospodarskom, demografskom, društvenom ali i urbanističkom smislu. Grad se intezivno razvijao i prostorno širio prema sjeveru, gdje su se oblikovale nove poslovno-stambene zone te političko, administrativno i gospodarsko središte grada. Epidemijom kuge 1348. godine te dolaskom Dubrovnika pod vlast ugarske krune deset godina kasnije završava jedna faza društveno-prostornog razvoja grada, u kojoj su obitelji Mençe i Ljutica bile poslovno i obiteljski aktivne.
Červar-Porat Haničar Buljan, Ivana
Kvartal,
12/2008, Letnik:
V, Številka:
4
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Červar-Porat (Istra, pokraj Poreča) prvo je turističko stambeno naselje sagrađeno na istočnoj obali Jadrana (1974.-1981.). Valorizirajući postignute kvalitete suvremene urbanističke aglomeracije, ...autorica postavlja pitanje o mogućnosti zaštite od daljnjih devastacija, u prvom redu putem novog Detaljnog plana uređenja čija se izrada planira u skorijoj budućnosti.
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