Japan was the only non-Western nation to industrialize before 1900 and its leap into the modern era has stimulated vigorous debates among historians and social scientists. In an innovative discussion ...that posits the importance of physical well-being as a key indicator of living standards, Susan B. Hanley considers daily life in the three centuries leading up to the modern era in Japan. She concludes that people lived much better than has been previously understood—at levels equal or superior to their Western contemporaries. She goes on to illustrate how this high level of physical well-being had important consequences for Japan's ability to industrialize rapidly and for the comparatively smooth transition to a modern, industrial society.
While others have used income levels to conclude that the Japanese household was relatively poor in those centuries, Hanley examines the material culture—food, sanitation, housing, and transportation. How did ordinary people conserve the limited resources available in this small island country? What foods made up the daily diet and how were they prepared? How were human wastes disposed of? How long did people live? Hanley answers all these questions and more in an accessible style and with frequent comparisons with Western lifestyles. Her methods allow for cross-cultural comparisons between Japan and the West as well as Japan and the rest of Asia. They will be useful to anyone interested in the effects of modernization on daily life.
According to the Marxist interpretation still dominant in Japanese studies, the last century and a half of the Tokugawa period was a time of economic and demographic stagnation. Professors Hanley and ...Yamamura argue that a more satisfactory explanation can be provided within the framework of modem economic theory, and they advance and test three important new hypotheses in this book.
The authors suggest that the Japanese economy grew throughout the Tokugawa period, though slowly by modern standards and unevenly. This growth, they show, tended to exceed the rate of population increase even in the poorer regions, thus raising the living standard despite major famines. Population growth was controlled by a variety of methods, including abortion and infanticide, for the primary purpose of raising the standard of living.
Contrary to the prevailing view of scholars, thus, the conclusions advanced here indicate that the basis for Japan's rapid industrialization in the Meiji period was in many ways already established during the latter part of the Tokugawa period. The authors' analysis combines original fieldwork with study of data based on findings of the postwar years.
Originally published in 1978.
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Vertebral fractures significantly increase lifetime risk of future fractures, but risk of further vertebral fractures in the period immediately following a vertebral fracture has not been evaluated.
...To determine the incidence of further vertebral fracture in the year following a vertebral fracture.
Analysis of data from 4 large 3-year osteoporosis treatment trials conducted at 373 study centers in North America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand from November 1993 to April 1998.
Postmenopausal women who had been randomized to a placebo group and for whom vertebral fracture status was known at entry (n = 2725).
Occurrence of radiographically identified vertebral fracture during the year following an incident vertebral fracture.
Subjects were a mean age of 74 years and had a mean of 28 years since menopause. The cumulative incidence of new vertebral fractures in the first year was 6.6%. Presence of 1 or more vertebral fractures at baseline increased risk of sustaining a vertebral fracture by 5-fold during the initial year of the study compared with the incidence in subjects without prevalent vertebral fractures at baseline (relative risk RR, 5.1; 95% confidence interval CI, 3.1-8.4; P<.001). Among the 381 participants who developed an incident vertebral fracture, the incidence of a new vertebral fracture in the subsequent year was 19.2% (95% CI, 13.6%-24.8%). This risk was also increased in the presence of prevalent vertebral fractures (RR, 9.3; 95% CI, 1.2-71.6; P =.03).
Our data indicate that women who develop a vertebral fracture are at substantial risk for additional fracture within the next year.
A wide variety of gas phase ions with kinetic energies from 1–107 eV increasingly are being used for the growth and modification of state-of-the-art material interfaces. Ions can be used to deposit ...thin films; expose fresh interfaces by sputtering; grow mixed interface layers from ions, ambient neutrals, and/or surface atoms; modify the phases of interfaces; dope trace elements into interface regions; impart specific chemical functionalities to a surface; toughen materials; and create micron- and nanometer-scale interface structures. Several examples are developed which demonstrate the variety of technologically important interface modification that is possible with gas phase ions. These examples have been selected to demonstrate how the choice of the ion and its kinetic energy controls modification and deposition for several different materials. Examples are drawn from experiments, computer simulations, fundamental research, and active technological applications. Finally, a list of research areas is provided for which ion–surface modification promises considerable scientific and technological advances in the new millennium.
The modification of bundled single-walled and multiwalled carbon nanotubes is examined using a combination of computational and experimental methods. The computational approach is classical molecular ...dynamics simulations using the many-body reactive empirical bond-order potential parametrized by Brenner. The simulations consider the deposition of CH3 + at incident energies of 10, 45, and 80 eV. They predict the chemical functionalization of the nanotubes, the formation of defects on the nanotube walls, and the formation of cross-links between neighboring nanotubes or between the walls of a single nanotube. They also illustrate the manner in which the number of walls in the nanotube and incident energy affect the results. In the experiments, multiwalled nanotubes with about 40 shells (average diameter of 25 nm) are synthesized by chemical vapor deposition. CF3 + ions are deposited at incident energies of 10 and 45 eV, and then the nanotubes are examined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. These experiments find strong evidence of chemical functionalization, in agreement with the simulation results.
Japan was the only non-Western nation to industrialize before 1900 and its leap into the modern era has stimulated vigorous debates among historians and social scientists. In an innovative discussion ...that posits the importance of physical well-being as a key indicator of living standards, Susan B. Hanley considers daily life in the three centuries leading up to the modern era in Japan. She concludes that people lived much better than has been previously understood--at levels equal or superior to their Western contemporaries. She goes on to illustrate how this high level of physical well-being had important consequences for Japan's ability to industrialize rapidly and for the comparatively smooth transition to a modern, industrial society. While others have used income levels to conclude that the Japanese household was relatively poor in those centuries, Hanley examines the material culture--food, sanitation, housing, and transportation. How did ordinary people conserve the limited resources available in this small island country? What foods made up the daily diet and how were they prepared? How were human wastes disposed of? How long did people live? Hanley answers all these questions and more in an accessible style and with frequent comparisons with Western lifestyles. Her methods allow for cross-cultural comparisons between Japan and the West as well as Japan and the rest of Asia. They will be useful to anyone interested in the effects of modernization on daily life. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was
originally published in 1997. Japan was the only non-Western nation to industrialize before 1900 and its leap into the modern era has stimulated vigorous debates among historians and social scientists. In an innovative discussion that posits the importance of physical well-being as a.
Lead sulfide (PbS) nanoparticles of ∼3–5 nm average diameter were codeposited into quaterthiophene (4T) organic films, which in some cases, were additionally modified by simultaneous 50 eV acetylene ...ion bombardment. The film composition and PbS–4T bonding were monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and laser desorption postionization mass spectrometry (LDPI-MS). S2p core-level XP spectra indicated that ion-modified films displayed enhanced bonding between 4T and PbS nanoparticles. LDPI mass spectra found thiophene fragments bound to PbS in ion-modified films. Computational simulations were used to investigate the mechanisms by which the incident particles chemically modified the thiophene–PbS nanoparticle interactions: molecular dynamics, density functional theory simulations were carried out on α-terthiophene (3T) analogues of 4T films interacting with (PbS)16 clusters. The simulations showed that, in the absence of acetylene ion modification, a weak charge transfer from the PbS cluster to the nearest 3T molecule occurred, suggestive of little interaction between intact organic matrix molecules and PbS nanoparticles. However, the simulations predicted the formation of a covalent bond between PbS and the oligothiophene film as a result of acetylene ion modification, in support of the experimental observations. These results help explain the recent observation of enhanced photoconductivity in these films upon ion modification ( Majeski M. W. ; J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2012, 30, 04D109 ).
Polythiophene is a conductive polymer that has attracted much interest in recent years because its properties are desirable for applications that include light-emitting diodes, field-effect ...transistors, and photovoltaics. Optimization of the performance of polythiophene in these devices requires the development of processing methods that can simultaneously control its chemistry and morphology on the nanometer scale. One such method is surface polymerization by ion-assisted deposition (SPIAD) in which conducting polymer thin films are grown on substrates by the simultaneous deposition of hyperthermal polyatomic ions and thermal neutrals in vacuum. Here, mass-selected beams of thiophene ions are deposited on α-terthiophene oligomers in experiments, and density functional theory−molecular dynamics (DFT−MD) simulations are carried out to determine the dominant mechanisms responsible for the SPIAD process. Both neutral and positively charged systems are considered in the simulations in order to assess the effect of charge on the results. The experimental results show that polymerization occurs preferentially under a narrow set of ion energy and ion/neutral ratio conditions. The DFT−MD simulations illustrate the manner in which ion energies affect polymerization and reveal how secondary chemical reactions can substantially modify both the thin film and the substrate.
Plasma processing is a standard industrial method for the modification of material surfaces and the deposition of thin films. Polyatomic ions and neutrals larger than a triatomic play a critical role ...in plasma-induced surface chemistry, especially in the deposition of polymeric films from fluorocarbon plasmas. In this paper, low energy CF3
+and C3F5
+ions are used to modify a polystyrene surface. Experimental and computational studies are combined to quantify the effect of the unique chemistry and structure of the incident ions on the result of ion-polymer collisions. C3F5
+ions are more effective at growing films than CF3
+, both at similar energy/atom of ≈ 6 eV/atom and similar total kinetic energies of 25 and 50 eV. The composition of the films grown experimentally also varies with both the structure and kinetic energy of the incident ion. Both C3F5
+and CF3
+should be thought of as covalently bound polyatomic precursors or fragments that can react and become incorporated within the polystyrene surface, rather than merely donating F atoms. The size and structure of the ions affect polymer film formation via differing chemical structure, reactivity, sticking probabilities, and energy transfer to the surface. The different reactivity of these two ions with the polymer surface supports the argument that larger species contribute to the deposition of polymeric films from fluorocarbon plasmas. These results indicate that complete understanding and accurate computer modeling of plasma-surface modification requires accurate measurement of the identities, number densities, and kinetic energies of higher mass ions and energetic neutrals.
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