The U.S. southwest has a limited water supply and is predicted to become drier in the 21st century. An improved understanding of factors controlling moisture sources and availability is aided by ...reconstruction of past responses to global climate change. New stable isotope and growth-rate records for a central Texas speleothem indicate a strong influence of Gulf of Mexico (GoM) moisture and increased precipitation from 15.5 to 13.5 ka, which includes the majority of the Bølling–Allerød warming (BA: 14.7–12.9 ka). Coeval speleothem records from 900 and 1200 km to the west allow reconstruction of regional moisture sources and atmospheric circulation. The combined isotope and growth-rate time series indicates 1) increased GoM moisture input during the majority of the BA, producing greater precipitation in Texas and New Mexico; and 2) a retreat of GoM moisture during Younger Dryas cooling (12.9–11.5 ka), reducing precipitation. These results portray how late-Pleistocene atmospheric circulation and moisture distribution in this region responded to global changes, providing information to improve models of future climate.
•Speleothem growth rate from Texas reveals a wetter Bølling–Allerød (BA).•Multi-speleothem growth records suggest a wetter BA for much of the U.S. SW.•Wetter BA was driven by increased Gulf of Mexico-sourced summer precipitation.
Carbon dioxide concentrations in caves are a primary driver of rates of carbonate dissolution and precipitation, exerting strong control on speleothem growth rate and geochemistry. Long‐term cave ...monitoring studies in midlatitude caves have observed seasonal variability in cave pCO2, whereby airflow is driven by temperature contrasts between the surface and subsurface. In tropical settings, where diurnal temperature cycles are larger than seasonal temperature cycles, it has been proposed that caves will ventilate on daily time scales, preventing cave pCO2 from increasing substantially above atmospheric pCO2. By contrast, the relatively small temperature difference between the surface and subsurface may be insufficient to drive complete ventilation of tropical caves. Here we present results of an 8 year cave monitoring study, including observations of cave pCO2 and carbonate chemistry, at Jinapsan Cave, Guam (13.4°N, 144.5°E). We find that cave pCO2 in Jinapsan Cave is both relatively high and strongly seasonal, with cave pCO2 ranging from 500 to 5000 ppm. The seasonality of cave pCO2 cannot be explained by temperature contrasts, instead we find evidence that seasonal trade winds drive cave ventilation and modulate cave pCO2. Calcite deposition rates at seven drip sites in Jinapsan Cave are shown to be seasonally variable, demonstrating that speleothem growth rates in Jinapsan Cave are strongly affected by seasonal variations in cave pCO2. These results highlight the importance that advection can have on cave ventilation processes and carbonate chemistry. Seasonality in carbonate chemistry and calcite deposition in this cave affect the interpretation of speleothem‐based paleoclimate records.
Key Points
Cave pCO2 in tropical cave shows strong seasonality
Trade winds contribute to flow of lower pCO2 atmospheric air into cave
Cave calcite deposition rate shows strong seasonality that correlates with cave pCO2
Variations in petrography, stable isotopes, reflectance, and luminescence along the central growth axis of a 14.5 cm stalagmite from Panigarh cave indicate cooler and slightly wetter conditions in ...the Himalayan foothills of northern India during the Little Ice Age (LIA), which lasted from ∼AD 1489–1889 based on deposition of calcite, and AD 1450–1820 based on rapid changes in δ18O values. Conditions were warmer and drier during the preceding Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and also in the post-LIA periods, as evidenced by deposition of aragonite. A review of currently existing stalagmite and other proxy data from south and east Asia reveals a broad spatial pattern in precipitation over south and east Asia during the LIA, with northern areas showing generally increased precipitation and southern areas reduced precipitation. During the MCA and after the LIA, the records suggest this pattern was reversed. Weaker ISM during the LIA brought drought conditions to the core ISM area but triggered more monsoon ‘breaks’ that brought higher precipitation to the Himalayas. At the same time, the weaker ISM may also have pushed more depressions along the path of the southern winter jet which brought more winter precipitation to the Himalayas and therefore a LIA wetter in our study area.
•The Little Ice Age (LIA) was wetter in the Indian Central Himalaya but drier in the core Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) area.•The pattern was reversed during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and the post-LIA periods.•Weaker ISM during the LIA brought less precipitation thus drought conditions to the core ISM area.•Weaker ISM during the LIA triggered more monsoon ‘breaks’ resulting in higher precipitation in Himalayas.
•A speleothem record from Eastern North America spans three glacial/interglacial cycles.•The oxygen isotope record displays strong cyclicity in the precession band.•The record lags summer insolation ...at 65°N by ∼5000 yr.•The record is in phase with Northern Hemisphere fall insolation.•Our findings are consistent with North American climates being forced by global ice volumes.
The nature and controls of orbital-scale climate variability in North America (NA) are subjects of ongoing debates. On the basis of previous cave records from Southwestern United States, two mutually incompatible hypotheses have been proposed. One links NA orbital-scale climate variability to Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer insolation forcing in a manner analogous to low-latitude monsoon systems, while the other suggests that it is not causally tied to either changes in global ice-volumes or NH summer insolation. Here we report new cave oxygen isotope (δ18O) records from Buckeye Creek Cave (BCC), West Virginia, east central North America, covering most of the past three glacial-interglacial periods (∼335 to 45 kyr ago). The BCC δ18O record exhibits a strong precession-band cycle, which is in-phase with changes in global ice-volumes (i.e., sea level), sea surface temperatures in the NE Gulf of Mexico and is consistent with the results from published cave records from Nevada and Devils Hole. As with global ice-volume, the BCC records lag summer insolation at 65°N by ∼5000 yr, which stands in contrast with records of low-latitude monsoon variability in South America and Asia, which are in phase and out-of-phase with changes in summer insolation and sea level, respectively. Provided the degree of lag to summer insolation provides a measure of competing forcing from global ice-volume and summer insolation, our data suggest that NA orbital-scale climate variability is dominantly driven by ice-volume forcing. In addition, the sea surface temperatures in the NE Gulf of Mexico and changes in northern high-latitude cryosphere may be also important in explaining the unusually low δ18O values at times of the intermediate ice-volume periods in BCC and other NA cave records.
Stalagmite DP1, a speleothem 1.6m in length from Dante Cave in northeastern Namibia, provides a paleoclimate record of a gradual transition from wetter to drier conditions from 4.6 to 3.3kaBP, a ...variable but pronounced dry period from 3.3 to 1.8ka, and a wetter but variable period from 1.8ka to the present. This record is based on 30U/Th radiometric dates and their resulting calculated growth rates, and on C and O stable isotope data, relative proportions of aragonite and calcite in layers, measurements of stalagmite width along layers, and observation of petrographic surfaces suggestive of changes from drier to wetter conditions and vice versa.
The stalagmite's first deposition, which seemingly followed conditions too wet for deposition, coincided with desiccation in the Sahara and the end of the African Humid Period there. Gradual drying continued and led to a sustained very dry period from 3322±11 to 1786±10BP, a “2–3kaBP Dry Period”. That dry period began and ended abruptly.
The abrupt transition from drier to wetter conditions at 1.8ka coincides with the beginning of the Iron Age in southern Africa, suggesting that wetter conditions facilitated migrations and/or changes in food production that may have contributed to a transition in human technologies and lifestyles. This transition is coeval with transitions to colder conditions in ice core records from Greenland and Antarctica.
The DP1 record suggests considerable change over the past 1800years, with at least three wet/dry cycles. The wettest conditions may have occurred relatively recently, between 230 and 100BP (A.D. 1720 and 1850), so that early European explorers may have seen and/or heard reports of conditions among the wettest during the later Holocene in southern Africa.
•Stalagmite DP1 provides a detailed climate record of the last 4.6ka from NE Namibia.•Variation in δ13C, δ18O, mineralogy, layer-specific width, & layer-bounding surfaces.•Combined record indicates pronounced dry period from 3.3 to 1.8ka.•Increase in wetness at 1.8ka coincides with beginning of southern African Iron Age.•Record indicates at least three wet/dry cycles over the last 1.8ka.
Non-ischaemic heart failure is one of the today's most prevalent cardiovascular disorders. Since modern pharmacotherapy has proved to be very effective in delaying disease progression and preventing ...death, imaging modalities and molecular biomarkers play an important role in early identification and clinical management as well as risk assessment of patients. The present study evaluated for the first time whole peripheral blood miRNAs as novel biomarker candidates for non-ischaemic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF-REF).
We assessed genome-wide miRNA expression profiles in 53 HF-REF patients and 39 controls. We could identify and validate several miRNAs that show altered expression levels in non-ischaemic HF-REF, discriminating cases from controls both as single markers or when combined in a multivariate signature. In addition, we demonstrate that the miRNAs of this signature significantly correlate with disease severity as indicated by left ventricular ejection fraction.
Our data further denote that miRNAs are potential biomarkers for systolic heart failure. Since their detection levels in whole blood are also related to the degree of left ventricular dysfunction, they may serve as objective molecular tools to assess disease severity and prognosis.
Reviews of Books Early, Frances; Fowler, Richard; Gorman, Vanessa B. ...
The International History Review,
20/6/1/, Letnik:
22, Številka:
2
Book Review
Recenzirano
LINDA GRANT DE PAUW. Battle Cries and Lullabies: Women in War from Prehistory to the Present. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998. Pp. xvii, 395. $24.95 (US). Reviewed by Frances Early
JEFFREY ...D. LERNER. The Impact of Seleucid Decline on the Eastern Iranian Plateau: The Foundations of Arsacid Parthia and Graeco-Bactria. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1999. Pp. 139. DM 68.00. Reviewed by Richard Fowle
GOCHA R. TSETSKHLADZE, ed. The Greek Colonisation of the Black Sea Area: Historical Interpretation of Archaeology. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998. Pp. 336. DM 148.00. Reviewed by Vanessa B. Gorman
DANIEL POWER and NAOMI STANDEN, eds. Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Borderlands, 700-1700. New York: St Martin's Press, 1999. Pp. xxiv, 293. $59.95 (US). Reviewed by Peter C. Perdue
JAMES MULDOON. Empire and Order: The Concept of Empire, 800-1800. New York: St Martin's Press, 1999. Pp. viii, 209. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by John M. Headley
J. H. ELLIOTT and L. W. B. BROCKLISS, eds. The World of the Favourite. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999. Pp. xv,320. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by John C. Rule
PHILIP BENEDICT, GUIDO MARNEF, HENK VAN NIEROP, and MARC VENARD, eds. Reformation, Revolt, and Civil War in France and the Netherlands, 1555-1585. Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1999. Pp. vii, 298. NLG 95.00, paper. Reviewed by Mark Konnert
MICHAEL LEROY OBERG. Dominion and Civility: English Imperialism and Native America, 1585-1685. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999. Pp. x, 239. $42.50 (US). Reviewed by Ian K. Steele
HERBERT S. KLEIN. The Atlantic Slave Trade. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. xxi, 234. $49.95 (US), cloth; $15.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by John Thornton
AGNES LATHAM and JOYCE YOUINGS, eds. The Letters of Sir Walter Ralegh. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1999. Pp. bdii, 403. £45.00. Reviewed by Harry Kelsey
COLIN KIDD. British Identities before Nationalism: Ethnicity and Nationhood in the Atlantic World, 1600-1800. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. viii, 302. $59.95 (US). Reviewed by Arthur Williamson
VICTOR TREADWELL. Buckingham and Ireland, 1616-1628: A Study in Anglo-Irish Politics. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1998; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. 443. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Mark A. Kishlansky
DEREK CROXTON. Peacemaking in Early Modern Europe: Cardinal Mazarin and the Congress of Westphalia, 1643-1648. Selinsgrove: Susquehanna University Press, 1999. Pp. 397. $52.50 (US). Reviewed by Paul M. Sonnino
STUART BANNER. Anglo-American Securities Regulation: Cultural and Political Roots, 1690-1860. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. xviii, 318. $69.95 (US). Reviewed by John A. James
EDMOND DZIEMBOWSKI. Un nouveau patriotisme français, 1750-1770: La France face à la puissance anglaise à l'époque de la guerre de Sept Ans. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1999. Pp. vii, 566. £75.00. Reviewed by Lucien Bély
MAX M. MINTZ. Seeds of Empire: The American Revolutionary Conquest of the Iroquois. New York: New York University Press, 1999. Pp. xi, 232. $28.95 (US). Reviewed by Colin G. Calloway
ALEX CALDER, JONATHAN LAMB, and BRIDGET ORR, eds. Voyages and Beaches: Pacific Encounters, 1769-1840. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999. Pp. viii, 344. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by I. C. Campbell
JERZY LUKOWSKI. The Partitions of Poland, 1772, 1793, 1795. London and New York: Longman, 1999. Pp. xv, 232. £42.00, cloth; £13.99, paper. Reviewed by Robert E.Jones
NORMAN HAMPSON. The Perfidy of Albion: French Perceptions of England during the French Revolution. New York: St Martin's Press, 1998. Pp. xiii, 181. $59.95 (US). Reviewed by Michael Duffy
KEN POST. Revolution and the European Experience, 1789-1914. New York: St Martin's Press, 1999. Pp. xi, 227. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Peter N. Stearns
FREDERICK W. KAGAN. The Military Reforms of Nicholas I: The Origins of the Modern Russian Army. New York: St Martin's Press, 1999. Pp. xii, 337. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by Marc Raeff
T. R. MOREMAN. The Army in India and the Development of Frontier Warfare, 1849-1947. New York: St Martin's Press, 1998. Pp. xxiii, 258. $72.00 (US) Reviewed by David Omissi
JOSE C. MOYA. Cousins and Strangers: Spanish Immigrants in Buenos Aires, 1850-1930. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. Pp. xviii, 567. $25.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Monica Quijada
STEFAN LIPPERT. Felix Fiirst m Schwarzenberg: Eine politische Biographic. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998. Pp. 445. DM 168.00. Reviewed by Lawrence Sondhaus
STEPHEN M. HARRIS. British Military Intelligence in the Crimean War, 1854-1856. London and Portland: Frank Cass, 1999. Pp. xxiv, 182. $52.50 (US). Reviewed by Ann Pottinger Saab
KOJI KAWASHIMA. Missionaries and a Hindu State: Travancore, 1858-1936. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Pp. x, 252. $43.50 (CDN). Reviewed by Penelope Carson
DAVID ALAN RICH. The Tsar's Colonels: Professionalism, Strategy, and Subversion in Late Imperial Russia. Cambridge, Mass, and London: Harvard University Press, 1998. Pp. xiv, 293. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by W. Bruce Lincoln
GREG MARQUIS. In Armageddon's Shadow: The Civil War and Canada's Maritime Provinces. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1998. Pp. xx, 389. $34.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Eric W. Sager
IRVING STONE. The Global Export of Capital from Great Britain, 1865-1914: A Statistical Survey. New York: St Martin's Press, 1999. Pp. xi, 430. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by C. H. Feinstein
GEORGE VON RAUCH. Conflict in the Southern Cone: The Argentine Military and the Boundary Dispute with Chile, 1870-1902. Westport: Praeger, 1999. Pp. xii, 229. $69.50 (US). Reviewed by David Rock
CLAUDIA LINDA REESE. Neuseeland und Deutschland: Handelsabkommen, Aufienhandelspolitik und Handel von 1871 bis 1973. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998. Pp. xxv, 378. DM 148.00, paper. Reviewed by John A. Moses
GERALD FRIEDMAN. State-Making and Labor Movements: France and the United States, 1876-1914. Idiaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1999. Pp. xiv, 317. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Samuel Cohn
ANDREAS ECKERT. Grundhesitz, Landkonflikte und kolonialer Wandeh Douala 1880 bis 1960. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1999. Pp. x, 503. DM 144.00, paper. Reviewed by Dierk Walter
WOLFRAM HARTMANN, JEREMY SILVESTER, and PATRICIA HAYES, eds. The Colonising Camera: Photographs in the Making of Namibian History. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1999. Pp. vii, 220. $29.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Subhash Jaireth
JULIE F. CODELL and DIANNE SACHKO MACLEOD, eds. Orientalism Transposed: The Impact of the Colonies on British Culture. Aldershot and Brookfield: Ashgate, 1998. Pp. xiii, 249. $84.95 (US). Reviewed by John M. MacKenzie
ANGEL SMITH and EMMA DÁVILA-COX, eds. The Crisis of l898: Colonial Redistribution and Nationalist Mobilization. New York: St Martin's Press, 1999. Pp. ix, 221. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Jules R. Benjamin
STEPHEN M. MILLER. Lord Methuen and the British Army: Failure and Redemption in South Africa. London and Pordand: Frank Cass, 1999. Pp. 279. $57.50 (US), cloth; $26.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Ian F. W. Beckett
DAVID A. LAKE. Entangling Relations: American Foreign Policy in Its Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999. Pp. xii, 332. $60.00 (US). Reviewed by Alfred E. Eckes
JONATHAN SCHNEER. London 1900: The Imperial Metropolis. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999. Pp. ix,336. $29.95(US). Reviewed by Peter Cain
DARSHAN SINGH TATLA. The Sikh Diaspora: The Search for Statehood. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999. Pp. xiv, 327. $22.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Hugh Johnston
CHRISTOPH JAHR. Gewöhnliche Soldaten: Desertion und Deserteure im deutschen und britischen Heer, 1914-1918. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998. Pp. 419. DM 78.00. Reviewed by Jay Winter
JAN HEITMANN. Unter Wasser in die Neue Welt: Handelsunterseeboote und kaiserliche Unterseekreuzer im Spannungsfeld von Politik und Kriegführung. Berlin: Berlin Verlag, 1999. Pp. 365. DM 78.00, paper. Reviewed by Holger H. Herwig
ALEXANDRU CRETZIANU. Relapse into Bondage: Political Memoirs of a Romanian Diplomat, 1918-1947, ed. Sherman David Spector. Iaşi: Center for Romanian Studies, 1998; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. 351. $50.00 (US). Reviewed by Dov B. Lungu
INBAL ROSE. Conservatism, and Foreign Policy during the Lloyd George Coalition, 1918-1922. London and Portland: Frank Cass, 1999. Pp. xxix, 289. $54.50 (US). Reviewed by Alan Sharp
PATRICK PASTURE and JOHAN VERBERCKMOES, eds. Working-Class Internationalism and the Appeal of National Identity: Historical Debates and Current Perspectives. Oxford and New York: Berg, 1998. Pp. vii, 263. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Carl Strikwerda
JOHN E. MOSER. Twisting the Lion's Tail: American Anglophobia between the World Wars. New York: New York University Press, 1999. Pp. x, 263. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by John A. Thompson
DAVID F. SCHMITZ. Thank God They're on Our Side: The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1921-1965. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1999. Pp. xi, 383. $18.95 (US)> paper. Reviewed by Anders Stephanson
MALCOLM ANDERSON and EBERHARD BORT, eds. The Irish Border: History, Politics, Culture. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. 286. $21.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by S. J. Connolly
AZAR GAT. Fascist and Liberal Visions of War: Fuller, LiddeU Hart, Douhet, and Other Modernists. New York: Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1998. Pp. viii, 334. $130.50 (CDN); BRIAN HOLDEN REID. Studies in British Military Thought: Debates with Fuller and LiddeU Hart. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. Pp. xviii, 287. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Robert H. Larson
ALEX DANCHEV. Alchemist of War: The Life of Basil Liddell Hart. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1998. Pp. xiv, 369. £25.00. Reviewed by John P. Campbell
HORST BOOG, JÜRGEN FÖRSTER, JOACHIM HOFFMANN, ERNST KLINK, ROLF-DlETER MÜLLER, and GERD R. UEBERSCHÄR. Germany
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