This paper deals with the study of the effect of a variable normal electric field on Jeffry flow through a heating vibrating cylindrical tube with moving endoscope. Under the assumption of long ...wavelength and the use of appropriate non-dimensional quantities, the analytical solutions for axial and radial velocities, stream function, fluid pressure, electrical potential function and temperature distribution are obtained. The results show that the volume of the trapped bolus increases by the increase of amplitude ratio, endoscope radius, Jeffry parameter and electrical Rayleigh number, whereas it has an opposite effect on the increase in the endoscope velocity and temperature parameter. Furthermore, it is observed that the effects of the amplitude ratio and Jeffry parameter on the axial velocity in the presence of electric field are greater and clearer than those in the absence of electric field.
•Microbial communities in different co-digestion systems were thoroughly investigated.•The microbes were affected by the operational conditions of food waste co-digestion.•Synergism was explained in ...relationship with microbial community.•Syntrophomonas, Acetivibrio, and Methanobacterium affected LCH4produced/gCODadded.•The different feeding strategy for co-digestion should be used depending on OLR.
The effect of food waste (FW) co-digestion with wastewater biosolids (WWB) on microbial communities was investigated through running thirteen lab-scale digesters for 100 days at different operational conditions i.e. organic loading rates (2 and 4 kgCOD/m3·day), feed types (WWB and FW), and FW content (10%, 90%, 100%). Compared with mono-digestion of WWB, FW co-digestion enhanced biogas production by 13% and COD degradation rates by up to 101%. Among fermentative bacteria/acetogens, Syntrophomonas was the dominant genus in FW digesters in contrast to the dominance of Clostridium in WWB digesters. The predominant methanogen was Methanosarcina in FW digesters in contrast to Methanosaeta in WWB digesters. COD degradation rates and methane yields were well correlated with Bacteroidetes population. Methane production rate was well correlated with Clostridium for FW digesters, with syntrophs for WWB digesters, and with aceticlastic methanogens for both digesters. Synergism was associated with hydrolytic bacteria, Clostridium, Syntrophomonas, syntrophs, Methanosarcina, and Methanobacterium.
The governing equations of an electrohydrodynamic oscillatory flow were simplified, using appropriate nondimensional quantities and the conversion relationships between fixed and moving frame ...coordinates. The obtained system of equations is solved analytically by using the regular perturbation method with a small wave number. In this study, modified non-dimensional quantities were used that made fluid pressure in the resulting equations dependent on both axial and vertical coordinates. The current study is more realistic and general than the previous studies in which the fluid pressure is considered functional only in the axial coordinate. A new approach enabled the author to find an analytical form of fluid pressure while previous studies have not been able to find it but have found only the pressure gradient. Analytical expressions for the stream function, electrical potential function and temperature distribution are obtained. The results show that the electrical potential function decreases by the increase of the Prandtl number, secondary wave amplitude ratio and width of the channel.
Noise induced hearing loss is associated with increased excitability in the central auditory system but the cellular correlates of such changes remain to be characterized. Here we tested the ...hypothesis that noise-induced hearing loss causes deterioration of perineuronal nets (PNNs) in the auditory cortex of mice. PNNs are specialized extracellular matrix components that commonly enwrap cortical parvalbumin (PV) containing GABAergic interneurons. Compared to somatosensory and visual cortex, relatively less is known about PV/PNN expression patterns in the primary auditory cortex (A1). Whether changes to cortical PNNs follow acoustic trauma remains unclear. The first aim of this study was to characterize PV/PNN expression in A1 of adult mice. PNNs increase excitability of PV+ inhibitory neurons and confer protection to these neurons against oxidative stress. Decreased PV/PNN expression may therefore lead to a reduction in cortical inhibition. The second aim of this study was to examine PV/PNN expression in superficial (I-IV) and deep cortical layers (V-VI) following noise trauma. Exposing mice to loud noise caused an increase in hearing threshold that lasted at least 30 days. PV and PNN expression in A1 was analyzed at 1, 10 and 30 days following the exposure. No significant changes were observed in the density of PV+, PNN+, or PV/PNN co-localized cells following hearing loss. However, a significant layer- and cell type-specific decrease in PNN intensity was seen following hearing loss. Some changes were present even at 1 day following noise exposure. Attenuation of PNN may contribute to changes in excitability in cortex following noise trauma. The regulation of PNN may open up a temporal window for altered excitability in the adult brain that is then stabilized at a new and potentially pathological level such as in tinnitus.
•Acoustic trauma causes deterioration of perineuronal nets in auditory cortex.•These changes show layer-specific trajectories following hearing loss induction.•Decline of perineuronal nets is seen even at 1 day following noise exposure.•Perineuronal net deterioration may cause increased excitability of auditory cortex.
•The structure shrinkage at (001) direction exhibits orbitals scalene ellipsoidal shape leading to PMA of ∼(664 ± 25) µeV.•The L2,3-edges of Mn atoms are performed with the aim of the understanding ...the orbital hybridizations and its link with spin moment orientations.•The zero in sum of symmetric XMCD spectrums for spin (up/down) conspicuously ascertains significant antiferromagnetic behavior.•The XMLD spectrum confirms the perpendicular orientation of easy magnetization axis.
We have used the full potential linearized augmented plane waves (FP-LAPW) method to investigate the magnetic properties of Zn0.50Mn0.50S/Rh (001) system. Spin-orbit coupling and different spin-polarized states for the electronic structure are considering in LSDA potential. The L23-edges X-ray absorption (XAS) and X-ray magnetic dichroism (XMD) are calculated locally at Mn–Mn sites. The results show no circular dichroism spectra (leading to zero in sum for a spin up and spin down conspicuously of the independent Mn atoms), which is a behavior specific to an antiferromagnetic material. The system shows a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of (664 ± 25) µeV. Hence, the magnetic moments are arranged antiparallel and reach the value of ±3.72 µB especially between nearest neighbor Mn atoms. This can be explaining by a large number of d-electrons available to be spin-polarized in the low-dimensional regime. We propose that the magnetic properties are resulting from the hybridization between Mn–d and sulfur–p states at a given distance.
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Carrageenan is one of the most common carbohydrates utilised in the entrapment industry to immobilise cells and enzymes. However, it lacks functionality. Carrageenan has been grafted to produce ...fructose by covalently immobilising glucose isomerase (GI). Fructose is one of the most widely used sweeteners in beverages, food production, and the pharmaceutical business. Up to 91.1 U g
−1
gel beads are immobilised by the grafted beads. Immobilized GI has a V
max
of 13.8 times that of the free enzyme. pH of immobilized GI was improved from 6.5–7 to 6–7.5 that means more stability in wide pH range. Also, optimum temperature was improved and become 65–75 °C while it was at 70 °C for free enzyme. The immovability and tolerance of the gel beads immobilised with GI over 15 consecutive cycles were demonstrated in a reusability test, with 88 percent of the enzyme's original activity retained, compared to 60 percent by other authors. These findings are encouraging for high-fructose corn syrup producers.
Pain can be a significant problem for treated leprosy patients. It can be nociceptive due to tissue inflammation occurring during episodes of immune mediated reactions, or neuropathic due to leprosy ...affecting the somatosensory system. There are sparse epidemiological data on the prevalence and impact of neuropathic pain in treated leprosy patients. Tools for assessing neuropathic pain have not been validated in leprosy. We have examined nature of pain in a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of neuropathic pain (NP) in 80 recently treated leprosy patients in Ethiopia. Pain and depression were evaluated using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) questionnaire. The Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions (DN4) and the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) were used as screening tools for NP. Pain of any type was experienced by 60% of the patients. Pure nociceptive pain was experienced by 43%, pure NP by 11%, and mixed pain by 6%. Of the 14 patients who had NP either alone or in combination with nociceptive pain, 12 had high GHQ-12 scores, indicating possible depression. The DN4 had sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 45%, whereas the LANSS had 85% and 42%, respectively. This is the first study to differentiate nociceptive from NP in leprosy patients. The prevalence of NP is high in recently treated Ethiopian leprosy patients. We have validated the use of DN4 in leprosy and it is easier to use than LANSS. Depression is a common co-morbidity in patients with NP. The high prevalence and morbidity of NP in treated leprosy patients warrant clinical trials to assess the efficacy of pain therapies for leprosy-associated NP.
Despite the greatest achievement in the development of anti-inflammatory agents in the last two decades, the current clinical drugs suffer from a variety of complications in community settings and ...hospital. There is still an urgent need to design novel molecules with better safety profile and with different molecular targets from those in current clinical use. The aim of this research was to discover a series of benzothiazole-based thiazolidinones with lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory activity as a mechanism of anti-inflammatory action. Carrageenan-induced mouse foot paw oedema assay was carried out to determine the anti-inflammatory activity, while LOX inhibition was examined through the conversion of sodium linoleate to 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid. Molecular docking studies were performed using AutoDock 4.2 software. The anti-inflammatory activity of the title compounds was determined in a range of 18.4%-69.57%, where compound #3 was found to be the most potent (69.57%) and also to be more active than the reference drug indomethacin (47%). Moreover, compound #3 showed the highest LOX inhibitory activity with IC
50
of 13 μM being less potent to that of the reference NDGA (IC
50
= 1.3 μM). Compound #3 has been identified as lead compound for further modification in an attempt to improve anti-inflammatory and LOX inhibitory activities.
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