To describe the clinical characteristics, treatment approaches, clinical outcomes, and co-morbidities of youth with type 2 diabetes (T2D) enrolled in the Pediatric Diabetes Consortium (PDC) T2D ...Registry.
PDC enrolled 598 youth <21 yr of age with T2D from February 2012 to July 2015 at eight centers. Data were collected from medical records and interviews with participants and/or parents and included glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), diabetes treatments, prevalence of diabetes comorbidities (hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia (DL), microalbuminuria (MA), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Insulin use was observed in 45% of those with T2D duration <1 yr, 44% for 1-<2 yr, 55% for 2-3 yr and 60% for ≥4 yr. Median HbA1c was 6.7% (50 mmol/mol), 8.5% (69 mmol/mol), 9.6% (81 mmol/mol), and 9.7% (82 mmol/mol) in those with disease duration <1, 1-<2, 2-3 and ≥4 yr, respectively. Only 33 and 11% of those with HTN and DL respectively, were being treated. MA and NAFLD were observed in 5-6% of the participants. Prevalence of HTN was associated with higher BMI (p < 0.001), DL with higher HbA1c (p < 0.001), and MA with longer diabetes duration (p = 0.001).
Frequency of insulin therapy in youth with T2D was associated with increased disease duration and those with longer duration rarely achieve target HbA1c level. This highlights the aggressive course of T2D in youth and adolescents. Additionally, co-morbidities are not being adequately treated. Follow up data from the PDC will provide additional important information about the natural history of T2D and patterns of gaps in treatment.
Zooarchaeological faunal remains are commonly examined to investigate harvesting behavior. We determined limpet (Patella vulgata) shell size and shape, and estimated shell age from several middens at ...the Late Norse Sandwick South Site, Unst, Shetland, UK, whose strata represent distinct occupational phases (Phase 1: AD 1100-1200, Phase 2: AD 1200-1250, Phase 3: AD 1250-1350). Our goal was to determine if the many limpets found there could provide insight into Norse harvesting behavior. Shell length, conicity, and modeled age all declined between Phases 1 and 2, suggesting intensive, size-selective harvesting of limpets and a shift to harvesting lower in the intertidal zone between phases. Length and conicity varied in Phases 2 and 3 and no major changes seem to have occurred over these periods, indicating that harvesting maintained the limpet population at an impacted level throughout the later phases. The conicity decline between Phases 1 and 2 may also have been caused by increased storminess that accompanied the onset of the Little Ice Age. The mean length of modern limpet populations near the Norse site did not differ from the archaeological phases, but did vary among collection years. Limpets were 26% larger in 2015 than in 2012 and 2013, indicating that large interannual variations in population structure can occur over short time periods. Potentially the result of extreme storms removing small limpets, this result raises the possibility that size and conicity changes during the Sandwick South Site occupation, as well as in other early populations, could also be the result of environmental factors rather than human harvesting alone. We feel, however, that the most parsimonious explanation for the patterns we document is human harvesting.
L’accumulation rapide de données scientifiques (notamment palynologiques) permet aujourd’hui de faire l’histoire longue de la déforestation. Dans cet article portant sur le monde méditerranéen ...de 800 av. J.-C. à 600 ap. J.-C., le croisement de ces élément avec les sources textuelles nous permet de montrer que gestion des forêts a permis de limiter les déforestations sévères (menant à la pénurie de bois de chauffe) à des occurrences relativement isolées. Les données sur les grands arbres, toutefois, suggèrent que ces essences se dépeuplaient dans des proportions parfois aiguës dans les régions où la construction de navires ou de grands bâtiments était intense. En l’état actuel de nos connaissances, ni une lecture catastrophiste ni une vision trop optimiste ne se justifient, mais les données continuent de s’accumuler, et de sérieux problèmes de définition demeurent qui incitent à la prudence des conclusions.
Credit-Money in the Roman Economy Harris, William V.
Klio (Leipzig, Germany : 1901),
06/2019, Letnik:
101, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This article, in order to advance the debate about the nature of Roman money, sets out the strongest arguments in favour of the crucial importance of credit-money in the Roman economy (carefully ...distinguishing the use of credit-money from merely buying on credit). It invokes some texts that were not employed in previous discussions. The article also replies to the chief arguments of those scholars who have more or less maintained the traditional view that all, or almost all, Roman money consisted of coins. The most important question here concerns trust and information: to what extent did Romans know enough about those who owed them money to accept payment in documentary form? On this question, the author takes the ‘optimistic’ view.
To describe vitamin D levels and prevalence of vitamin D sufficiency, insufficiency and deficiency in a large, ethnically/racially diverse population of youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 ...diabetes (T2D) in comparison to national data and examine the associations between clinical/demographic factors and vitamin D levels.
25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) levels were measured in 215 youth with T1D and 326 youth with T2D enrolled in the Pediatric Diabetes Consortium (PDC). These levels were compared with those of youth of the same age without diabetes from the 2005-2006 NHANES Survey.
Vitamin D deficiency (<21 ng/mL) was present in 36% of PDC participants, and insufficiency (21-29 ng/mL) was present in an additional 34%. About 36% of age-matched youth in the NHANES Survey were vitamin D deficient and an additional 41% were insufficient. Deficiency or insufficiency varied by race/ethnicity, being highest in African-Americans (86%), intermediate in Hispanics (77%), and lowest in non-Hispanic whites (47%). Lower 25OHD levels were observed in African-American and Hispanic youth, during fall and winter, and at sites in the northern United States (all p-values < 0.001). Youth with T2D had significantly lower 25OHD levels than youth with T1D (p < 0.001), but this difference was largely eliminated after adjusting for race/ethnicity and socio-economic status.
Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency is present in a substantial proportion of youth with diabetes, particularly minorities, but the prevalence appears similar to that in youth without diabetes. Further studies are needed to examine whether youth with diabetes would benefit from vitamin D supplementation.
How many people could read and write in the ancient world of the Greeks and Romans? No one has previously tried to give a systematic answer to this question. Most historians who have considered the ...problem at all have given optimistic assessments, since they have been impressed by large bodies of ancient written material such as the graffiti at Pompeii. They have also been influenced by a tendency to idealize the Greek and Roman world and its educational system. InAncient Literacy W. V. Harris provides the first thorough exploration of the levels, types, and functions of literacy in the classical world, from the invention of the Greek alphabet about 800 B.C. down to the fifth century A.D. Investigations of other societies show that literacy ceases to be the accomplishment of a small elite only in specific circumstances. Harris argues that the social and technological conditions of the ancient world were such as to make mass literacy unthinkable. Noting that a society on the verge of mass literacy always possesses an elaborate school system, Harris stresses the limitations of Greek and Roman schooling, pointing out the meagerness of funding for elementary education. Neither the Greeks nor the Romans came anywhere near to completing the transition to a modern kind of written culture. They relied more heavily on oral communication than has generally been imagined. Harris examines the partial transition to written culture, taking into consideration the economic sphere and everyday life, as well as law, politics, administration, and religion. He has much to say also about the circulation of literary texts throughout classical antiquity. The limited spread of literacy in the classical world had diverse effects. It gave some stimulus to critical thought and assisted the accumulation of knowledge, and the minority that did learn to read and write was to some extent able to assert itself politically. The written word was also an instrument of power, and its use was indispensable for the construction and maintenance of empires. Most intriguing is the role of writing in the new religious culture of the late Roman Empire, in which it was more and more revered but less and less practiced. Harris explores these and related themes in this highly original work of social and cultural history.Ancient Literacy is important reading for anyone interested in the classical world, the problem of literacy, or the history of the written word.
History, Empathy and Emotions Harris, William V.
Antike und Abendland,
01/2010, Letnik:
56, Številka:
1
Journal Article
...I shall maintain (there is now nothing at all original about this) that even though historians should not attempt to feel the emotions of their subject populations, they should do more to build ...emotions into the study of mentalities, and I shall try to improve on the prevailing rationales for this kind of historical activity. First of all there is the classic epistemological problem of «other minds> - how can we possibly gain reliable access to the thoughts or feelings of another human? ...the biographer of a modern American president or of a well-documented novelist is in an exceptional situation, not the biographer's typical situation, still less the historian's. ...historians deceive themselves if they think they can acquire the cognitive and emotional equipment of historical actors.
This volume approaches the history of the great city of Alexandria from a variety of directions: its demography, the interaction between Greek and Egyptian and between Jews and Greeks, the nature of ...its civil institutions and social relations, and its religious, and intellectual history.
This qualitative study focuses on the role that friendship, trust, and love play in the marriages of 25 Latino couples (50 individuals) who, through a semistructured interview, reported having strong ...marriages. Latino couples were interviewed using questions developed within the context of Latino culture. A model of how friendship, trust, and love contribute to strong marriages is proposed. Suggestions of how these findings can be used in marriage education are provided.
This collection of essays by contemporary historians considers how after two centuries of scholarship we can best explain Christianity's rise to dominance.
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