Summary
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the prepregnancy BMI on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Five electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web ...of Science, and Google Scholar, were searched for literature published until 1 January 2018. The two‐stage, random effect meta‐analysis was performed to compare the dose‐response relationship between BMI and GDM. As well as studies with categorized BMI, studies that treat BMI as a continuous variable were analysed. A total of 33 observational studies with an overall sample size of 962 966 women and 42 211 patients with GDM were included in analysis. The pooled estimate of GDM risk in the underweight, overweight, and obese pregnant women was 0.68, 2.01, and 3.98 using the adjusted OR and 0.34, 1.52, and 2.24 using the adjusted RR. The GDM risk increased 4% per unit of increase in BMI with both the crude and adjusted OR/RR models. Also, the risk of GDM increased 19% with the crude model and 14% with the adjusted model. The existence of dose‐response relationship between the pre‐pregnancy BMI and GDM can strengthen the scientific background for vigorous public health interventions for the control of pre‐pregnancy BMI as well as the weight gain during pregnancy.
We determined the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in an affected area in northern Iran in April 2020. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were detected in 528 ...persons by using rapid tests. Adjusted prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was 22.2% (95% CI 16.4%-28.5%).
This paper introduces the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method to be applied in explaining inequality in health outcome across any two groups. In order to understand every aspect of the inequality, ...multiple regression model can be used in a way to decompose the inequality into contributing factors. The method can therefore be indicated to what extent of the difference in mean predicted outcome between two groups is due to differences in the levels of observable characteristics (acceptable and fair). Assuming the identical characteristics in the two groups, the remaining inequality can be due to differential effects of the characteristics, maybe discrimination, and unobserved factors that not included in the model. Thus, using the decomposition methods can identify the contribution of each particular factor in moderating the current inequality. Accordingly, more detailed information can be provided for policy-makers, especially concerning modifiable factors. The method is theoretically described in detail and schematically presented. In the following, some criticisms of the model are reviewed, and several statistical commands are represented for performing the method, as well. Furthermore, the application of it in the health inequality with an applied example is presented.
Recent studies reported that some recovered COVID‐19 patients have tested positive for virus nucleic acid again. A systematic search was performed in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google ...Scholar up to March 6, 2021. The pooled estimation of reinfection, recurrence, and hospital readmission among recovered COVID‐19 patients was 3, 133, and 75 per 1000 patients, respectively. The overall estimation of reinfection among males compared to females was greater. The prevalence of recurrence in females compared to males was more common. Also, hospital readmission between sex groups was the same. There is uncertainty about long‐term immunity after SARS‐Cov‐2 infection. Thus, the possibility of reinfection and recurrence after recovery is not unexpected. In addition, there is a probability of hospital readmission due to adverse events of COVID‐19 after discharge. However, with mass vaccination of people and using the principles of prevention and appropriate management of the disease, frequent occurrence of the disease can be controlled.
Highlights
The pooled estimation of re‐infection rate among recovered COVID‐19 patients was 3 per 1000 patients.
The pooled estimation of recurrence rate among recovered COVID‐19 patients was 133 per 1000 patients.
Hospital readmission among recovered COVID‐19 patients was 75 per 1000 patients.
The possibility of re‐infection, recurrence and hospital readmission after recovery is not unexpected. Thus, adherence to principles of prevention besides vaccination is essential.
•In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we extracted pooled odds ratio to assess the strength of relation between drowsy driving and traffic injury.•Based on the results, drowsy driving can ...increase the chance of road crashes occurrence by 1.29 to 1.34 times higher than driving without sleepiness.
To assess whether drowsy driving can increase road traffic accident related deaths and injuries.
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Cochrane Injuries Group Specialized Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, Medline, National Technical Information service, Psychlit, International Road Research Documentation, Transport Research Information Service, and web sites related to the road safety organization were searched; experts were contacted, conference proceedings were hand searched, and relevant reference lists were checked.
We sought to identify all epidemiological studies, published in English language, which assessed the association between fatigued or sleepy driving and the occurrence of car crashes lead to death or injury.
We conducted a systematic literature review with meta-analysis using PubMed, Google scholar and other valid databases to search for articles published from January 1980 through September 2016 to identify precise effect of drowsy driving on road traffic accidents. For each study odds ratio was calculated, the ratio of event odds in the drivers with drowsy driving divided by the drivers without drowsy driving, which were pooled to obtain an overall estimate using a fixed and random effects models.
Fourteen articles satisfying inclusion criteria were identified that all of them were included in quantitative synthesis. Pooled odds ratio obtained by fixed and random effect models was 1.29 (95% CI 1.24 to 1.34) and 1.34 (95% CI 1.25 to 1.43), respectively.
Our findings that obtained from meta-analysis (with high level of evidence) suggest a significant association between crash involvement and drowsy driving. It seems that establishment of strategies to reduce any risk factors of road traffic accident such as drowsy driving can be effective in decreasing traffic crashes.
There are significant misconceptions and many obstacles in the way of illuminating the epidemiological and clinical aspects of COVID-19 as a new emerging epidemic. In addition, usefulness of some ...evidence published in the context of the recent epidemic for decision making in clinic as well as public health is questionable. However, misinterpreting or ignoring strong evidence in clinical practice and public health probably results in less effective and somehow more harmful decisions for individuals as well as subgroups in general populations of countries in the initial stages of this epidemic. Accordingly, our narrative review appraised epidemiological and clinical aspects of the disease including genetic diversity of coronavirus genus, mode of transmission, incubation period, infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence, immunogenicity, diagnosis, surveillance, clinical case management and also successful measures for preventing its spread in some communities.
•Saffron reduce waist Circumference.•Saffron reduce fasting blood sugar.•Saffron do not change HA1C.
Carotenoids (including zeaxanthin and lycopene) and phytosterols reportedly confer beneficial ...effects on metabolic profile and function, which is of clinical importance. Thus, we sought to review the saffron effects on waist circumstance (WC), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and HA1C concentrations reported in Randomized Control Trials (RCTs).
A comprehensive systematic electronic search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Web of sciences, and SCOPUS to identify RCTs up to February 2019 without any language restrictions. The pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) calculated with DerSimonian-Laird random. PRISMA guidelines adhered to for this meta-analysis.
Nine articles with 12 arms containing 595 participants were included in this study. Our study found WC was significantly reduced (WMD: −2.18 cm, 95 % CI: −4.05, −0.32) and FPG (WMD: −6.54 mg/dl, 95 % CI: −10.22, −2.85) following saffron intervention. Subgroup analysis highlighted that FPG levels (WMD: −10.24 mg/dl, 95 % CI: −15.76, −4.72) reduced significantly when intervention duration was longer than twelve weeks. There was no significant effect on HA1C levels (WMD: −0.13 mg/dl, 95 % CI: −0.31, 0.04) following saffron intervention.
In conclusion, the present study indicates beneficial effects on WC and FPG, following saffron supplementation.
Purpose： To identify and appraise the published studies assessing interventions accounting for reducing fatigue and sleepiness while driving. Methods： This systematic review searched the following ...electronic databases： Medline, Science direct, Scopus, EMBASE, PsyclNFO, Transport Database, Cochrane, BIOSIS, ISI Web of Knowledge, specialist road injuries journals and the Australian Transport and Road Index database. Additional searches included websites of relevant organizations, reference lists of included studies, and issues of major injury journals published within the past 15 years. Studies were included if they investigated interventions/exposures accounting for reducing fatigue and sleepiness as the outcome, measured any potential interventions for mitigation of sleepiness and were written in English. Meta-analysis was not attempted because of the heterogeneity of the included studies. Results： Of 63 studies identified, 18 met the inclusion criteria. Based on results of our review, many interventions in the world have been used to reduce drowsiness while driving such as behavioral （talking to passengers, face washing, listening to the radio, no alcohol use, limiting the driving behavior at the time of 12 p.m. - 6 a.m. etc）, educational interventions and also changes in the environment （such as rumble strips, chevrons, variable message signs, etc）. Meta-analysis on the effect of all these in- terventions was impossible due to the high heterogeneity in methodology, effect size and interventions reported in the assessed studies. Conclusion： Results of present review showed various interventions in different parts of the world have been used to decrease drowsy driving. Although these interventions can be used in countries with high incidence of road traffic accidents, precise effect of each intervention is still unknown. Further studies are required for comparison of the efficiency of each intervention and localization of each intervention ac- cording to the traffic pattems of each country.
Abuse against women causes great suffering for the victims and is an important health problem among women. To date, a few screening instruments for wife abuse exist for married women in Iran, but ...they only assess some of the wife abuse components. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Haj-Yahia's Questionnaire in a sample of married women residing in Tehran.
This is a cross-sectional study with a population consisting of married women in Tehran, among which 471 individuals were selected using convenience sampling method. Psychometric properties of the questionnaire were evaluated using face validity, content validity, construct validity, internal consistency, and stability. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed using the weighted least square mean and variance adjusted. We performed confirmatory factor analysis using Mplus version 8 software and for other calculations, we used STATA V14.
The quantitative results of face validity and content validity indicated that all items of the questionnaire were in acceptable range, and were retained in the study. In CFA results, the model fit indices were acceptable (TLI = 0.986, CFI = 0.987, RMSEA = 0.039 and SRMR = 0.057). Cronbach's alpha coefficient for psychological abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and economic abuse were estimated 0.90, 0.93, 0.79, and 0.78 respectively, and an alpha of 0.95 was found for the total questionnaire. The intra-cluster correlation index was 0.98.
Findings showed that the Persian version of the questionnaire of violence against women made it possible to evaluate various dimensions of violence using 4 factors and showed good construct validity and internal reliability in the female population in Iran; therefore, it can be used in future studies.
The outbreak of COVID‐19 was first reported from China, and on 19 February 2020, the first case was confirmed in Qom, Iran. The basic reproduction number (R0) of infection is variable in different ...populations and periods. This study aimed to estimate the R0 of COVID‐19 in Qom, Iran, and compare it with that in other countries. For estimation of the serial interval, we used data of the 51 confirmed cases of COVID‐19 and their 318 close contacts in Qom, Iran. The number of confirmed cases daily in the early phase of the outbreak and estimated serial interval were used for R0 estimation. We used the time‐varying method as a method with the least bias to estimate R0 in Qom, Iran, and in China, Italy and South Korea. The serial interval was estimated with a gamma distribution, a mean of 4.55 days and a standard deviation of 3.30 days for the COVID‐19 epidemic based on Qom data. The R0 in this study was estimated to be between 2 and 3 in Qom. Of the four countries studied, the lowest R0 was estimated in South Korea (1.5–2) and the highest in Iran (4–5). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that R0 is sensitive to the applied mean generation time. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to estimate R0 in Qom. To control the epidemic, the reproduction number should be reduced by decreasing the contact rate, decreasing the transmission probability and decreasing the duration of the infectious period.
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