Biological upgrading of wheat straw by the white-rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus eryngii, Phlebia radiata, and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora was monitored during 60-day solid-state ...fermentation. Analysis of straw included determination of weight loss and lignin content, color analysis, and infrared spectroscopy, whereas the studies on the water-soluble fractions were carried out by infrared spectroscopy, elementary analyses and quantification of the total phenols and reducing sugars. The most selective degradation of lignin was produced by P. eryngii and especially by C. subvermispora, the former species releasing the greatest amount of colored water-soluble products, whereas an increase in straw brightness was caused by C. subvermispora. In general, the composition of the water-soluble fraction correlated with the extent of straw transformation. The initial fermentation stage (0-15 days) was characterized by the accumulation of water-soluble products from lignin degradation and fungal metabolism, the concentration of which tended to stabilize in the second stage (16-60 days). The degree of delignification at the second stage tended to coincide with the decrease of the water-soluble nitrogen.
Southwestern Finland was covered by the Weichselian ice sheet and experienced rapid glacio-isostatic rebound after early Holocene deglaciation. The present mean overall apparent uplift rate is of the ...order of 4-5 mm/yr, but immediately after deglaciation the rate of crustal rebound was several times higher. Concurrently with land uplift, relative sea level in the Baltic basin during the past more than 8000 years was also strongly affected by the eustatic changes in sea level. There is ample evidence from earlier studies that during the early Litorina Sea stage on the southeastern coast of Finland around 7000 yr BP (7800 cal. yr BP), the rise in sea level exceeded the rate of land uplift, resulting in a short-lived transgression. Because of a higher rate of uplift, the transgression was even more short-lived or of negligible magnitude in the southwestern part of coastal Finland, but even in this latter case a slowing down in the rate of regression can still be detected. We used evidence from isolation basins to obtain a set of 71 super(14)C dates, and over 30 new sea-level index points. The age-elevation data, obtained from lakes in two different areas and located between c. 64 m and 1.5 m above present sea level, display a high degree of internal consistency. This suggests that the dates are reliable, even though most of them were based on bulk sediment samples. The two relative sea-level curves confirm the established model of relatively gradually decreasing rates of relative sea-level lowering since c. 6100 yr BP (7000 cal. yr BP) and clearly indicate that the more northerly of the two study areas experienced the higher rate of glacio-isostatic recovery. In the southerly study area, changes in diatom assemblages and lithostratigraphy suggest that during the early Litorina Sea stage (8300-7600 cal. yr BP) eustatic sea-level rise exceeded land uplift for hundreds of years. Evidence for this transgression was discovered in a lake with a basin threshold at an elevation of 41 m above sea level, which is markedly higher than any previously known site with evidence for the Litorina transgression in Finland. We also discuss evidence for subsequent short-term fluctuations superimposed on the main trends of relative sea-level changes.
In the present study we introduce a new device for exercise magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). It operates in a standard whole-body scanner. Mechanical exertion unit allows maximal 10 degrees to ...15 degrees short-arc knee extensions. The device operates hydraulically and is based on isokinetic movement. The force and work conducted are automatically controlled by the electronic control and computer unit. A small surface coil placed on the vastus medialis muscle allows the collection of spectra without interfering spectra from nearby resting muscles. The force used for the extensions can be followed simultaneously as a curve on the screen in the operator's room and the data is transferred to a personal computer for later analysis. Total work and fatigue percentage are also calculated by the device. It also allows the use of different isokinetic exercise protocols. The measurements of force proved reliable in repeat measurements using an isokinetic test device as a control. This device has been used clinically for over a year, is easy to operate, and offers reliable measurements. It is well suited to trials where muscle energy states versus time are followed since it allows noninvasive simultaneous quantification of muscle performance and collecting MRS spectra at rest, during exercise, and in the recovery phase.
The facts to be proven in a lawsuit can be more or less probable. But the recognition of the relevant facts may require discretion or evaluative operations; moreover, a just and equitable ...interpretation of a contract may depend on what the contracting parties knew about the intentions of each other. Can, e.g., negligence be more or less probable? Can Ought be proven? There is, however, a structural similarity between legal interpretation and the evalution of evidence and not only an intertwinement between the so-called questions of fact and the questions of law. A number of situations is briefly analysed: the interpretation of contracts, the interest of the child, the basic concepts of the law of torts and the criminal intent.
Veratric acids 14C-labelled in carboxyl group, 3-OCH3, 4-OCH3, or aromatic ring together with unlabelled veratric acid were supplemented in the cultures of the white-rot fungus Phlebia radiata. The ...effect of various carbon sources on the release of 14CO2 was studied. Veratric acid was readily decarboxylated, maximally already on day 1 from the addition of 14COOH-veratric acid. High amounts (4%) of glucose slightly repressed the decarboxylation. In medium supplemented with cellulose the methoxyl group in position 4 was much more readily mineralized to CO2 than the group in position 3. The maximum evolution was achieved on day 5, two days from the addition. Cellulose did not repress methanol oxidation but repression of methanol oxidation by glucose was detected in media supplemented with O14CH3-veratric acids and 14CH3OH. However, glucose did not repress oxidation of H14CHO. The apparent uptake of 14C by fungal mycelium, especially from methoxyl groups, but also from the aromatic ring, may partially be due to the strong slime formation observed in cellobiose medium. Also in cellobiose medium apparent uptake of 14C from 14C-labelled methoxyl groups was observed.
Truth and Law: Is, Ought and Reasoning KLAMI, HANNU TAPANI; SORVETTULA, JOHANNA; HATAKKA, MINNA
Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie,
01/1989, Letnik:
75, Številka:
4
Journal Article
PDF
![Demethylation of [14C]-labe...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/0137-1320/small "Demethylation of [14C]-labelled veratric acid and oxidation of methanol and formaldehyde by the white-rot fungus Phlebia radiata")
