Solar energetic particles (SEPs) provide a significant radiation hazard for manned and unmanned interplanetary (IP) space missions. In order to estimate these hazards, it is essential to quantify the ...gradients of SEP intensities in the IP medium. The Earth‐Moon‐Mars Radiation Exposure Module (EMMREM) is a new project aimed at characterizing the time‐dependent radiation exposure in IP space. In this paper, we utilize EMMREM to study the radial dependence of proton peak intensities, event fluences, and radiation dose equivalents of 27–31 May 2003 SEP events at eight different locations between 1 and 4.91 AU at energies between ∼1.5 MeV and ∼130 MeV. We have modeled onset times and intensity profiles of the SEP events at Mars and Ulysses and found very good agreement at different energies. We report observations of energetic particles at locations with magnetic field line footprints that are separated by ∼90° in heliolongitude, possibly indicating very large coronal mass ejection sizes and/or high cross‐field diffusion at large radial distances. Our results show that radial dependencies of proton peak intensities exhibit a broken power law between 1 to 2.5 AU and 2.5 to 4.91 AU, ranging between R−2.52 ± 0.42 and R−5.97 ± 0.32 for 25 MeV and between R−2.13 ± 0.36 and R−5.21 ± 0.29 for 52 MeV, where R is the radial distance from the Sun in units of AU. Event fluences exhibit a similar behavior but with a harder spectra. Radiation dose calculations show that these events did not pose a short‐term radiation hazard to humans in the IP space.
The characteristically large general factor found in measures of the therapeutic alliance was analyzed by use of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in a nested design. Ratings by 38 therapists and ...their 144 patients on the California Psychotherapy Alliance Scales (CALPAS), the Revised Penn Helping Alliance Questionnaire (HAQ-R), and the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) were adjusted for therapist effects. A set of models for patient and therapist ratings was tested with CFA, and a 3-factor model was confirmed,
χ
2
(4)
= 7.19,
p
> .13; GFI = .98; RMSR = .02; CFI = 1.0.
A shared-view factor (best represented by HAQ-R) accounted for 44% of patients' and 27% of therapists' variance. Unique factors (best represented by WAI) accounted for 56% of therapists' and 43% of patients' variance. Patient views split between HAQ (helpfulness) and WAI (goals, tasks) factors; The WAI factor was most expressive of therapist views. Patients and therapists tended to agree on helpfulness and on therapist clarity about goals and tasks. A multimeasure approach to alliance assessment is recommended.
Atomic-scale processes during displacement damage formation have been previously studied using molecular dynamics (MD) calculations and empirical potentials. Low-energy displacements (1 keV) are ...characterized by a high cross-section for producing secondary knock-on atoms and damage clusters, and determine the threshold displacement energy (an important parameter in NIEL calculations). Here we report first-principles, parameter-free quantum mechanical calculations of the dynamics of low-energy displacement damage events. We find that isolated defects formed by direct displacements result from damage events of les100 eV. For higher energy events, the initial defect profile, which subsequently undergoes thermal annealing to give rise to a final stable defect profile, is the result of the relaxation and recrystallization of an appreciable volume of significantly disordered and locally heated crystal surrounding the primary knock-on atom displacement trajectory.
When the same weather or climate simulation is run on different high-performance computing (HPC) platforms, model outputs may not be identical for a given initial condition. While the role of HPC ...platforms in delivering better climate projections is to some extent discussed in the literature, attention is mainly focused on scalability and performance rather than on the impact of machine-dependent processes on the numerical solution.
The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg,
1989
) and the Working Alliance Inventory-Short (WAI-S; Tracey & Kokotovic,
1989
) are widely used measures of alliance in therapy. This ...study evaluated the factor structure of the WAI and WAI-S with confirmatory factor analysis in two relatively large samples (Ns = 231 and 235). The hypothesized structures were not confirmed. An alternative 12-item WAI (WAI-SR), consistent with Bordin's (
1979
) model of alliance, was developed in one sample and cross-validated in the other. The WAI-SR better differentiated Goal, Task, and Bond alliance dimensions and correlated well with other alliance measures. The Task dimension was particularly salient, as expected based on Bordin's original theory. Additional psychometric properties and item response theory analysis of the WAI-SR are presented.
Zusammenfassung
Eine Revision der Kurzform des Working Alliance Inventars (WAI-SR)
Das Arbeitsbeziehungsinventar (Working Alliance Inventory, WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989) und die Kurzform des Arbeitsbeziehungsinventars (Working Alliance Inventory-Short, WAI-S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) sind häufig verwendete Masse der therapeutischen Allianz. Diese Studie hat die Faktorstruktur von WAI und WAI-S mit Hilfe von konfirmatorischer Faktoranalyse in zwei relativ großen Stichproben (n = 231 und 235) bewertet. Die hypothetisch angenommenen Strukturen ergaben sich dabei nicht. Eine alternatives 12-Item WAI (WAI-SR) in Übereinstimmung mit Bordins (1979) Annahmen zur Allianz, wurde in einer Stichprobe erprobt und in der anderen kreuzvalidiert. Das WAI-SR differenzierte besser Ziele, Aufgaben und therapeutische Bindungsdimension und korrelierte auch mit anderen Allianzmassen. Besonders deutlich war die Aufgabendimension, wie das auch nach Bordins ursprünglicher Theorie erwartet werden konnte. Es werden zusätzliche psychometrische Kennwerte und eine Analyse nach der Item-Response-Theorie vorgestellt.
Résumé
Développement et validation de la version courte révisée de l'inventaire de l'alliance de travail
L'inventaire de l'alliance de travail (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989) et sa version courte (WAI-S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) sont des mesures de l'alliance largement utilisées en thérapie. Cette étude évalue la structure factorielle de la WAI et de la WAI-S sur la base d'une analyse factorielle confirmatoire dans deux échantillons relativement grands (N = 231 et 235). La structure attendue n'est pas confirmée. Une version alternative à 12 items (WAI-SR), consistante avec le modèle de Bordin (1979) a été développée à partir d'un des échantillons et validée sur l'autre. Le WAI-SR différencie mieux les dimensions d'alliance but, tâche et lien et corrèle bien avec d'autres mesures d'alliance. La dimension tâche était particulièrement saillante, comme attendu selon la théorie originale de Bordin. Des propriétés psychométriques additionnelles et l'analyse de la réponse théorique aux items du WAI-SR sont présentées.
Resumen
Sviluppo e validazione di una versione abbreviata modificata del Questionario di funzionamento dell' alleanza (WAI-Working Alliance Inventory).
Il Questionario di funzionamento dell' Alleanza (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989) e il Questionario di funzionamento dell' Alleanza _/abbreviatot (WAI_S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) sono misure usate ampiamente sull'alleanza nella terapia. Questo studio ha valutato la struttura di fattore della WAI e della WAI_S con l'analisi fattoriale confermativa in due campioni (Ns_/231 e 235). Le strutture supposte non sono state confermate. Un' alternativa della WAI a 12 items (Wai-Sr), in accordo con il modello del'alleanza di Bordin (1979), è stato sviluppato in uno dei due campioni e incrociato e validato nell'altro. La Wai-Sr meglio differenziava l'obiettivo, il compito ed il vincolo e ben correlava con le altre misure dell'alleanza.La dimensione del compito risultava particolarmente saliente, come previsto nella teoria originale di Bordin. Sono presentate le proprietà, l'analisi psicometriche supplementari e di teoria della Wai-Sr.
Resumo
Desenvolvimento e validação da versão curta revista do Inventário da Aliança Terapêutica
O Inventário da Aliança Terapêutica (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989) e a sua versão reduzida (WAI-S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) são frequentemente utilizadas na avaliação da aliança em terapia. Este estudo avaliou a estrutura factorial do WAI e WAI-S, utilizando análise factorial confirmatória, em duas amostras (Ns_ 231 e 235). A estrutura hipotética não foi confirmada. Uma escala WAI alternativa de 12 itens (WAI-SR), consistente com o modelo de aliança de Bordin (1979), foi desenvolvida numa amostra e validada na outra. O WAI-SR diferenciou melhor as dimensões da aliança (Objectivos, Tarefas e Relação) e correlacionou-se bem com outras medidas da aliança A dimensão da Tarefa foi particularmente saliente, tal como esperado na teoria original de Bordin. Adicionalmente, são apresentadas propriedades psicométricas e análises de teoria de item resposta da WAI-SR
Sommario
Desarrollo y validación de una versión corta revisada del Inventario de Alianza de trabajo.
El Inventario de Alianza de trabajo (Working Alliance Inventory, WAI, Horvath y Greenberg, 1989) y el Inventario de Alianza de trabajo- Breve (Working Alliance Inventory_Short, WAI-S; Tracey y Kokotovic, 1989) son medidas ampliamente usadas de alianza terapéutica. Este estudio evaluó el factor estructura de la WAI y WAI-S con un análisis factorial confirmatorio en dos muestras (Ns_231 y 235). Las estructuras hipotetizadas no fueron confirmadas. En una de las muestras se desarrolló y en la otra se validó en forma cruzada (cross-validated) un item 12 alternativo para la WAI (WAI-SR), consistente con el modelo de Bordin (1979) para la alianza. El WAI-SR diferenció mejor las dimensiones del Objetivo, la Tarea (Task) y la alianza vincular (Bond alliance) y se correlacionó bien con mediciones de otras alianzas. La dimensión Tarea (Task) fue particularmente relevante, como se esperaba según la teoría original de Bordin. Se presentan propiedades psicométricas adicionales y análisis teóricos de los items de respuesta del WAI-SR.
The ArgoNeuT Collaboration reports the first measurement of neutral current π0 production in νμ-argon and ν¯μ-argon scattering. This measurement was performed using the ArgoNeuT liquid argon time ...projection chamber deployed at Fermilab’s NuMI neutrino beam with an exposure corresponding to 1.2×1020 protons-on-target from the Fermilab main injector and a mean energy for νμ of 9.6 GeV and for ν¯μ of 3.6 GeV. We compare the measured cross section and kinematic distributions to predictions from the GENIE and NuWro neutrino interaction event generators.
Team-based learning (TBL) is one strategy for improving team-work and critical thinking skills. It has proven to be an engaging teaching pedagogy in face-to-face classes; however, to our knowledge, ...it has never been implemented online in a 3-D virtual world. We implemented virtual TBLs in an online undergraduate anatomy course using Second Life
™
, and evaluated whether it engaged students. This study was conducted over two semesters with 39 total students. Surveys and content analysis of transcripts were used to evaluate student engagement. Our results indicate virtual TBLs were engaging for most students. The average engagement score was 7.8 out of 10 with 89.2% of students reporting a score of 6 or above. Students exhibited high levels of cognitive engagement during the clinical application portion of the TBL process. Males felt more emotionally engaged than females; however, most measures of engagement indicated no differences between groups of students (mode of communication, previous technology experience, gender, and performance); therefore, virtual TBLs may be engaging for a broad range of students. Ninety-five percent of students agreed that this was a worthwhile experience. In light of this evidence, we feel that virtual TBL sessions are valuable, and could be implemented in other online courses.
Mitotic catastrophe is the response of mammalian cells to mitotic DNA damage. It produces tetraploid cells with a range of different nuclear morphologies from binucleated to multimicronucleated. In ...response to DNA damage, checkpoints are activated to delay cell cycle progression and to coordinate repair. Cells in different cell cycle phases use different mechanisms to arrest their cell cycle progression. It has remained unclear whether the termination of mitosis in a mitotic catastrophe is regulated by DNA damage checkpoints. Here, we report the presence of a mitotic exit DNA damage checkpoint in mammalian cells. This checkpoint delays mitotic exit and prevents cytokinesis and, thereby, is responsible for mitotic catastrophe. The DNA damage-induced mitotic exit delay correlates with the inhibition of Cdh1 activation and the attenuated degradation of cyclin B1. We demonstrate that the checkpoint is Chk1-dependent.
We report new constraints on the size of large extra dimensions from data collected by the MINOS experiment between 2005 and 2012. Our analysis employs a model in which sterile neutrinos arise as ...Kaluza-Klein states in large extra dimensions and thus modify the neutrino oscillation probabilities due to mixing between active and sterile neutrino states. Using Fermilab’s Neutrinos at the Main Injector beam exposure of 10.56×1020 protons on target, we combine muon neutrino charged current and neutral current data sets from the Near and Far Detectors and observe no evidence for deviations from standard three-flavor neutrino oscillations. The ratios of reconstructed energy spectra in the two detectors constrain the size of large extra dimensions to be smaller than 0.45 μm at 90% C.L. in the limit of a vanishing lightest active neutrino mass. Stronger limits are obtained for nonvanishing masses.
Forward single π0 production by coherent neutral-current interactions, νA→νAπ0, is investigated using a 2.8×1020 protons-on-target exposure of the MINOS Near Detector. For single-shower topologies, ...the event distribution in production angle exhibits a clear excess above the estimated background at very forward angles for visible energy in the range 1–8 GeV. Cross sections are obtained for the detector medium comprised of 80% iron and 20% carbon nuclei with ⟨A⟩=48, the highest-⟨A⟩ target used to date in the study of this coherent reaction. The total cross section for coherent neutral-current single π0 production initiated by the νμ flux of the NuMI low-energy beam with mean (mode) Eν of 4.9 GeV (3.0 GeV), is 77.6±5.0(stat)−16.8+15.0(syst)×10−40 cm2 pernucleus. The results are in good agreement with predictions of the Berger-Sehgal model.
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