Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) is the fifth most prevalent cancer in the world and ranks third among cancer-related deaths worldwide. The tumour microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in ...tumorigenesis, development, and metastasis. Hence, we calculated the immune and stromal scores to find the potential prognosis-related genes in STAD using bioinformatics analysis.
The ESTIMATE algorithm was used to calculate the immune/stromal scores of the STAD samples. Functional enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, and overall survival analysis were then performed on differential genes. And we validated these genes using data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Finally, we used the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases to verify these genes at the protein levels by IHC.
Data analysis revealed correlation between stromal/immune scores and the TNM staging system. The top 10 core genes extracted from the PPI network, and primarily involved in immune responses, extracellular matrix, and cell adhesion. There are 31 genes have been validated with poor prognosis and 16 genes were upregulated in tumour tissues compared with normal tissues at the protein level.
In summary, we identified genes associated with the tumour microenvironment with prognostic implications in STAD, which may become potential therapeutic markers leading to better clinical outcomes.
Abstract When a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) wire experiences overload failure, the internal structure of the insulation changes to become overloaded insulation and the fire hazard changes. In this ...study, the thermo‐oxidative degradation behavior of new and overloaded PVC insulation materials was analyzed using coupled thermogravimetric‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG‐FTIR). The thermo‐oxidative degradation results show that the first two stages of thermo‐oxidative degradation of PVC insulation are important stages for measuring fire hazard. In addition, the onset temperature of thermo‐oxidative degradation of overloaded PVC insulation was increased. The activation energies of the first two stages of the overloaded PVC insulation increased by 7.7% and 27.0%, respectively, compared to the new PVC insulation. And the reaction mechanism is changed. The FTIR results indicate that the increased amount of volatile organic compounds and CO 2 generated during the pyrolysis of the overloaded PVC insulation may result in the generation of more heat and smoke during combustion, thus increasing the fire hazard.
To investigate the effects of age at diagnosis on metastatic breast cancer and patients' prognosis, we collected patient data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. We ...finally identified 4932 eligible metastatic breast cancer patients diagnosed between 2010-2013, including 850 younger patients (<50 years), 2,540 middle-aged patients (50-69 years) and 1,542 elder patients (>69 years). The results revealed that in stage IV patients, elder patients were more likely to have lung metastasis (P < 0.001) and less likely to have only distant lymphatic spread (P = 0.004). Higher proportion of younger (34.9%) and middle-aged (36.2%) patients had multiple metastatic sites than elder patients (28.3%) (P < 0.001). In survival analysis, younger patients presented the best prognosis, while elder patients had the worst both in overall survival (χ
= 121.9, P < 0.001) and breast cancer-specific survival (χ
= 69.8, P < 0.001). Age at diagnosis was an independent prognostic factor for metastatic breast cancer patients. Moreover, patients with bone metastasis only had superior survival compared to other metastatic patients (P < 0.001). Brain metastasis only group and multiple sites metastasis group had the poorest prognosis (P < 0.05). We hope the results will provide insights into a better understanding of distant metastatic breast cancer.
Breast cancer is one of the most lethal diseases world-wide. However, there is a large difference in breast cancer incidence among Caucasian, Hispanic, African and Asian (e.g. Chinese) women with ...Caucasian women being the highest and Asian women being the lowest. It has been suggested that the dietary factors may account for approximately 50% of the breast cancer. One of such dietary components which are typical to Asian but not Caucasian diet is soy foods. A number of epidemiological studies have suggested that increasing soy consumption could be related to the decreased risk of occurrence and/or mortality of breast cancer. In this review, we first described briefly different types of soy products and their nutritional functions and consumption. Then, we described briefly soybean isoflavones, i.e. genistein (GEN), daidzein, glycitein, and presented several lines of evidence to demonstrate the possible association of soy flavone food consumption with incidence and prognosis of breast cancer; finally, we summarized several possible molecular mechanisms, including the effects of GEN as an agonist of ERβ, epigenetic and genome-wide effects, activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, induction of apoptosis and stimulation of autophagy, involved in the chemo-preventive effects of GEN on breast cancer.
The lack of pixel-level labeling limits the practicality of deep learning-based building semantic segmentation. Weakly supervised semantic segmentation based on image-level labeling results in ...incomplete object regions and missing boundary information. This paper proposes a weakly supervised semantic segmentation method for building detection. The proposed method takes the image-level label as supervision information in a classification network that combines superpixel pooling and multi-scale feature fusion structures. The main advantage of the proposed strategy is its ability to improve the intactness and boundary accuracy of a detected building. Our method achieves impressive results on two 2D semantic labeling datasets, which outperform some competing weakly supervised methods and are close to the result of the fully supervised method.
Despite advances in basic and clinical research, metastasis remains the leading cause of death in breast cancer patients. Genetic abnormalities in mitochondria, including mutations affecting complex ...I and oxidative phosphorylation, are found in breast cancers and might facilitate metastasis. Genes encoding complex I components have significant breast cancer prognostic value. In this study, we used quantitative proteomic analyses to compare a highly metastatic cancer cell line and a parental breast cancer cell line; and observed that NDUFB9, an accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (complex I), was down-regulated in highly metastatic breast cancer cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that loss of NDUFB9 promotes MDA-MB-231 cells proliferation, migration, and invasion because of elevated levels of mtROS, disturbance of the NAD+/NADH balance, and depletion of mtDNA. We also showed that, the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway and EMT might be involved in this mechanism. Thus, our findings contribute novel data to support the hypothesis that misregulation of mitochondrial complex I NADH dehydrogenase activity can profoundly enhance the aggressiveness of human breast cancer cells, suggesting that complex I deficiency is a potential and important biomarker for further basic research or clinical application.
Background
Brain malignancies encompass gliomas and brain metastases originating from extracranial tumours including lung cancer. Approximately 50% of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) will ...eventually develop
brain metastases. However, the specific characteristics of gliomas and lung‐to‐brain metastases (LC) are largely unknown.
Methods
We applied single‐cell RNA sequencing to profile immune and nonimmune cells in 4 glioma and 10 LC samples.
Results
Our analysis revealed that tumour microenvironment (TME) cells are present in heterogeneous subpopulations. LC reprogramed cells into immune suppressed state, including microglia, macrophages, endothelial cells, and CD8+ T cells, with unique cell proportions and gene signatures. Particularly, we identified that a subset of macrophages was associated with poor prognosis. ROS (reactive oxygen species)‐producing neutrophils was found to participant in angiogenesis. Furthermore, endothelial cells participated in active communication with fibroblasts. Metastatic epithelial cells exhibited high heterogeneity in chromosomal instability (CIN) and cell population.
Conclusions
Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the heterogenicity of the tumor microenvironment and tumour cells and it will be crucial for successful immunotherapy development for brain metastasis of lung cancer.
Single‐cell transcriptional profiles in gliomas and lung‐to‐brain metastases.
TAMs (macrophage and microglia) exhibited phenotypic and functional diversity.
Endothelial cells communicated with neutrophils or fibroblasts to support angiogenesis.
Metastatic epithelial cells exhibited higher chromosomal instability and enriched a subpopulation with stem cell‐like phenotype.
Background Many women experience menstruation-related health issues during their child-bearing years. This study aimed to evaluate women's tendency to seek Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and/or ...Western Medicine (WM) when newly diagnosed with menstrual syndromes and to identify factors associated with their medical care-seeking behaviors. Methods The data of a total of 47,097 women aged between 15 and 50 years with newly diagnosed menstrual syndromes in 2005 were extracted from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database. The follow-up period was divided equally into 6 month segments over 5 years starting with patients' first visit for obstetric/gynecologic care. Outcomes were outpatient visits and number of TCM or WM visits during each period. Patients' tendency for medical care utilization was estimated using Poisson regression analysis. Results Number of outpatient visits using TCM was 0.62 (29187/47097), and using WM was 1.67 (78697/47097) within 6 months after the first menstrual syndrome diagnosis. The tendency for TCM utilization increased as follow-up time increased after controlling for potential confounders, while WM utilization decreased as follow-up time increased. Age, economic status, infertility, value of prevention, baby delivery, and obstetric/gynecologic inpatient histories were significantly associated with patients' medical care-seeking behaviors. Conclusions TCM and WM medical care-seeking patterns are significantly different among women with diagnoses associated with menstrual syndromes. Related factors affecting medical care-seeking behavior include age, economic status, infertility, value of prevention, childbirth and Ob/Gyn inpatient histories. Keywords: Medical care-seeking patterns, Menstrual syndromes, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Western Medicine
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