Injectable Biologics: What Is the Evidence? Kubrova, Eva; D'Souza, Ryan S; Hunt, Christine L ...
American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation,
10/2020, Letnik:
99, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Injectable biologics have attracted considerable interest in the field of musculoskeletal medicine. Biologics encompass a broad and diverse group of human tissue-derived therapeutics. The most ...commonly reported biologics for use in musculoskeletal conditions include platelet-rich plasma, bone marrow aspirate concentrate, mesenchymal stem cells, microfragmented fat, stromal vascular fraction, amniotic membrane-based products, and autologous conditioned serum. The benefits of biologics in tissue healing and regeneration are thought to be derived from their trophic, paracrine, and immunomodulatory functions. The purpose of this review is to define commonly used injectable biologics and to appraise current evidence on its efficacy in the treatment of musculoskeletal disease.
The Hegenshan-Nenjiang-Heihe suture is a key record of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean and provides critical evidence regarding termination of the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Here we determine the ...age, petrogenesis, and tectonic setting of the late Palaeozoic intrusive rocks from the Huolongmen region, northeastern margin of the Xing'an Block, and propose a new Ordovician to Triassic evolution model for the Nenjiang-Heihe suture. The late Palaeozoic Huolongmen intrusive rocks consist of the 317 million year gabbro diorite, the 323-312 million year I-type monzogranite, and the 291 million year A
2
-type alkali feldspar granite, as indicated by the laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry zircon U-Pb ages and petrographic-geochemical signatures. Zircon Hf isotopic, geochemical, and regional geological data suggest that the 323-312 million year gabbro diorite and I-type monzogranite were both emplaced in a continental arc setting, with the former generated by partial melting of a depleted rutile-bearing lithospheric mantle wedge that was modified by slab-derived fluids, and the latter formed by partial melting of a juvenile lower crust that involved contamination of pre-existing arc materials. The 291 million year A
2
-type granite was emplaced in a subduction-related extension and generated from anataxis of intermediate to acid igneous rocks of the middle to upper crust at relatively low-pressure conditions. In our new model, the evolution of the Nenjiang-Heihe suture could be roughly divided into three stages, including (1) the episodic northwestward subduction of the Palaeo-Asian oceanic plate beneath the Xing'an Block changing gradually from a high angle to a low angle at 480-290 Ma; (2) the coexistence of the slab break-off and the northwestward subduction at 290-260 Ma; and (3) the soft collision between the Xing'an and Songliao blocks at 260-244 Ma.
Developing numeric criteria is crucial for controlling cultural eutrophication and for protecting current and future water quality. Land-use changes in watersheds are the most important early warning ...indicators of lake eutrophication. In this study, the relationships between land-use patterns and physico-chemical variables and chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations were obtained through stepwise regression analysis to predict physico-chemical and Chl a criteria for the Eastern Plain Ecoregion. Ecological indicators (including landscape, function, and stressor aspects) related to land-use patterns and soil erosion was selected for the assessment of terrestrial ecosystem health using the analytic hierarchy process. The results indicated that the physico-chemical and Chl a criteria estimated from the relationships between anthropogenic land use and water quality variables were similar to the average values of the corresponding variables in the case of excellent terrestrial ecosystem health. The average values of water quality variables corresponding to excellent terrestrial ecosystem health can be used as criteria in the Eastern Plain Ecoregion. These findings are advantageous for understanding the health levels of the terrestrial ecosystems of the shallow lakes in this region and the degree of interference from human activities, as well as for providing a theoretical basis for the determination of criteria.
Two-component systems (TCSs) have the potential to be an effective target of the antimicrobials, and thus received much attention in recent years. VicK/VicR is one of TCSs in Streptococcus pneumoniae ...(S. pneumoniae), which is essential for pneumococcal survival. We have previously obtained several Traditional Chinese Medicine monomers using a computer-based screening. In this study, either alone or in combination with penicillin, their antimicrobial activities were evaluated based on in vivo and in vitro assays. The results showed that the MICs of 5'-(Methylthio)-5'-deoxyadenosine, octanal 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazone, deoxyshikonin, kavahin, and dodecyl gallate against S. pneumoniae were 37.1, 38.5, 17, 68.5, and 21 μg/mL, respectively. Time-killing assays showed that these compounds elicited bactericidal effects against S. pneumoniae D39 strain, which led to a 6-log reduction in CFU after exposure to compounds at four times of the MIC for 24 h. The five compounds inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans or Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae, meanwhile, deoxyshikonin and dodecyl gallate displayed strong inhibitory activities against Staphylococcus aureus. These compounds showed no obvious cytotoxicity effects on Vero cells. Survival time of the mice infected by S. pneumoniae strains was prolonged by the treatment with the compounds. Importantly, all of the five compounds exerted antimicrobial effects against multidrug-resistant clinical strains of S. pneumoniae. Moreover, even at sub-MIC concentration, they inhibited cell division and biofilm formation. The five compounds all have enhancement effect on penicillin. Deoxyshikonin and dodecyl gallate showed significantly synergic antimicrobial activity with penicillin in vivo and in vitro, and effectively reduced nasopharyngeal and lung colonization caused by different penicillin-resistant pneumococcal serotypes. In addition, the two compounds also showed synergic antimicrobial activity with erythromycin and tetracycline. Taken together, our results suggest that these novel VicK inhibitors may be promising compounds against the pneumococcus, including penicillin-resistant strains.
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•Tholeiitic MORB and alkaline OIB coexist in the Yuejinshan Complex, NE China.•Tholeiitic basaltic rocks were likely derived from a depleted MORB source in the spinel facies ...mantle.•Alkaline rocks were derived from an enriched OIB-type mantle source in the garnet facies and continued melting to spinel facies mantle depths.•Back-arc basin spreading associated with plume-related volcanism is proposed to explain their generation.
The Yuejinshan Complex, a remnant of the late Paleozoic western Paleo-Pacific Ocean, is located between the Jiamusi Massif and the Nadanhada Terrane in NE China. The complex consists of strongly deformed metaclastic rocks, marbles and metabasaltic lavas. The basalts have undergone hydrothermal alteration, greenschist facies regional metamorphism, and surface oxidation. These rocks can be divided into two broad rock groups based on whole-rock geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic characteristics: (1) mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB-type) tholeiites that range in composition from light rare earth element (LREE)-depleted varieties (N-MORB; (La/Sm)N<1), showing highly positive εNd(t) ratios (+10.2 to +10.5), to LREE-enriched tholeiites (E-MORB; (La/Sm)N>1); and (2) ocean island basalt (OIB-type) alkaline lavas, characterized by less positive εNd(t) ratios (+6.20 to +8.61), with significant enrichments in LILE, HFSE, LREE, and MREE, and slight depletions in HREE, relative to average N-MORB. Trace element and isotope systematics indicate that the tholeiitic basaltic rocks were derived from partial melting of a depleted MORB source in the spinel facies mantle, whereas the source of the E-MORB was a depleted MORB mantle (DMM) source significantly enriched by OIB-type components. In contrast, the alkaline basalts were generated from an enriched OIB-type mantle source in the garnet facies and continued melting to spinel facies mantle depths. Therefore, the mafic volcanic rocks of the Yuejinshan Complex, located above the oceanic plate of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean, were most likely derived from chemically heterogeneous mantle sources during back-arc basin spreading and plume-related volcanism. The westwards subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean lithosphere during the late Carboniferous to middle Permian resulted in the back-arc lavas, seamounts, and other oceanic fragments accreting onto the eastern Jiamusi Massif, forming the Yuejinshan Complex.
Bone marrow aspiration (BMA) through the iliac crest is potentially unsafe due to the vicinity of neurovascular structures in the greater sciatic notch. Our objective was to investigate the safety of ...a recently described BMA technique, specifically a trajectory from the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) to the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS). We conducted a chart review of 260 patients, analyzing three-dimensional reconstructed computed tomography images of the pelvis and sacrum to validate that this new approach offers a wide safety margin from the greater sciatic notch. Analysis of three-dimensional computed tomography scans demonstrated that the PSIS to AIIS trajectory never crossed the greater sciatic notch. The trajectory was noted to be at least one cm away from the greater sciatic notch in all measurements. The new trajectory entered the PSIS at 25.29 ± 4.34° (left side) and 24.93 ± 4.15° (right side) cephalad from the transverse plane, and 24.58 ± 4.99° (left side) and 24.56 ± 4.67° (right side) lateral from the mid-sagittal plane. The area of bone marrow encountered with the new approach was approximately 22.5 cm2. Utilizing the same CT scans, the trajectory from the traditional approach crossed the greater sciatic notch in all scans, highlighting the potential for violating the greater sciatic notch boundary and damaging important neurovascular structures. Statistically significant sex-related differences were identified in needle trajectory angles for both approaches. We conclude that based on this three-dimensional computed tomography study, a trajectory from the PSIS to the AIIS for BMA may offer a wide safety margin from the greater sciatic notch.
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► We present a diffuse discharge plasma using bi-directional pulse voltage in N
2. ► The optical emission spectra (OES) emitted from the discharge is studied. ► The effects of Ar and ...O
2 on the discharge and the OES are investigated. ► The main physicochemical processes involved are discussed.
In this study, a bi-directional high voltage pulse with 20
ns rising time is employed to generate diffuse glow-like dielectric barrier discharge plasma with very low gas temperature in N
2 using needle-plate electrode configuration at atmospheric pressure. Both the diffuse nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge images and the optical emission spectra of the discharge are recorded successfully under severe electromagnetic interference. The effects of pulse peak voltage, pulse repetition rate, and the concentrations of Ar and O
2 on the emission intensities of NO (A
2Σ
→
X
2Π), OH (A
2Σ
→
X
2Π, 0-0), N
2 (C
3Π
u
→
B
3Π
g, 0-0, 337.1
nm), and N
2
+ (B
2Σ
u
+
→
X
2Σ
g
+, 0-0, 391.4
nm) are investigated. The effects of the concentrations of Ar and O
2 on the discharge diffuse performance are also studied. It is found that the emission intensities of NO (A
2Σ
→
X
2Π), OH (A
2Σ
→
X
2Π, 0-0), N
2 (C
3Π
u
→
B
3Π
g, 0-0, 337.1
nm), and N
2
+ (B
2Σ
u
+
→
X
2Σ
g
+, 0-0, 391.4
nm) rise with increasing pulse peak voltage, pulse repetition rate, and the concentration of Ar, but decrease with increasing the concentration of O
2. The main physicochemical processes involved are also discussed.
Mast cells participate in immune responses by releasing potent immune system modifiers via degranulation. Due to currently reported controversial roles of mast cells in Streptococcus pneumoniae ...infections, this study aimed to determine the role and mechanism of mast cells in clearing S. pneumoniae in mice.
In vivo mouse model of mast cell degranulation established by administration of C48/80 was evaluated for the influences of mast cell degranulation on bacterial colonization and inflammation. In vitro model was established to observe the influences of mast cell degranulation on phagocytic and bactericidal functions of neutrophils and macrophages. IL-6 null and TNF-α null mice on the C57BL/6 background were used to investigate the effects of inflammatory factors released by mast cell degranulation on bacterial clearance.
Mast cell degranulation increased IL-6 and TNF-α levels and immune cell numbers in nasal lavage fluid, and inhibited the bactericidal function of macrophages and neutrophils in vitro. It decreased the number of neutrophils and macrophages recruited to respiratory tract after S. pneumoniae challenge and inhibited the clearance of S. pneumoniae in mice. After pretreatment with C48/80, S. pneumoniae loads were significantly lower in IL-6 null mice than in wild type mice, while no differences were observed between TNF-α null and wild type mice.
Mast cell degranulation can cause inflammation and impair immune cell recruitment to respiratory tract after S. pneumoniae challenge. Products of mast cell degranulation including IL-6 decreased the bactericidal function of neutrophils and macrophages. Through these mechanisms, mast cell degranulation inhibited clearance of S. pneumoniae in mice.
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