The root system architecture (RSA), being a key characteristic of the root economic spectrum, describes the spatial arrangement and positioning of roots that determines the plant's exploration of ...water and nutrients in the soil. Still, it remains poorly understood how the RSA of woody plants responds to the demand for water and nutrients in different soil environments and how the uptake of these resources is optimized. Here we selected single-species plantations of
and determined their topological index (
), revised topological index (
and
), root link length (
), root branching rate (
and
:
), and
soil physicochemical properties to assess which root foraging strategies adopt in different soil environments among Guang'an City (GA), Suining City (SN), Mianyang City (MY), and Deyang City (DY) in China. We also tested the potential effects of different nutrients upon RSA according to its plastic phenotype. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that levels of soil nutrients were the highest at DY, followed by MY and SN, and lower at GA. A dichotomous branching pattern was observed for GA, SN, and MY, but a herringbone branching pattern for DY. The
was ranked as GA, > SN, > MY > DY. The
of GA, SN, and MY was significantly lower than that of DY (
< 0.05). Among the different city regions, values of
were the largest in different regions and those of
the smallest. The cross-sectional area of the root system did not differ between any two connected branch orders. The
, and
were significantly and negatively correlated with soil's water content, porosity, total nitrogen, total potassium, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus (
< 0.05), whereas they all had significant, positive relationships with soil temperature (
< 0.05). The
was significantly and positively correlated with total potassium in soil (
< 0.05). Redundancy analysis showed that total potassium was the main factor driving variation in RSA. Our results emphasize that the RSA is capable of corresponding plastic alterations by changing its number of internal or external links and the root link length of fine roots
a heterogeneous environment, thereby optimizing the rates of water capture and space utilization.
Fine root anatomy plays an important role in understanding the relationship between fine root function and soil environment. However, in different soil environments, the variation of fine root ...anatomical structure in different root sequences is not well studied. We measured the soil conditions and anatomical structure characteristics (root diameter, cortical tissue, vascular tissue and xylem) of fine roots of
Cupressus funebris
in four experimental sites, and analyzed each level of fine roots separately. We link these data to understand the relationship between fine root anatomy and soil conditions. We found that the anatomical structure of fine roots is closely related to soil environmental factors. The fine roots of lower root order are mainly affected by soil nutrients. Among them, the cortical tissue of first-order fine roots was positively correlated with potassium and phosphorus, but negatively correlated with nitrogen, while second- and third-order fine roots was positively correlated with soil total potassium and negatively correlated with nitrogen and phosphorus. For the fine roots of high root order, the cortical tissue disappeared, and the secondary vascular tissue was mainly affected by soil moisture. In addition, we also found that the division of fine root functional groups is not fixed. On the one hand, the function of third-order fine roots will slip. For example, the decrease of soil moisture will promote the transformation of third-order fine roots into transport roots, and the reduction of nitrogen will promote the transformation of third-order fine roots into absorption roots to fix nitrogen. This transformation strategy can effectively prevent the restriction of soil nutrients on plant growth. On the other hand, with the change of habitat, the first- and second-order fine roots are still the absorbing root, and the fourth- and fifth-order fine roots are still the transport root, but the efficiency of absorption and transport will be affected. In conclusion, our findings emphasize the fine roots in different soil environment to show high levels of plasticity, shows that fine root anatomical structure changes may make plants, and reveals that the fine is just order of reaction and its mechanism in the soil environment.
Understanding fine root morphology is crucial to uncover water and nutrient acquisition and transposition of fine roots. However, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding how the soil environment ...affects the fine root morphology of various root orders in the stable forest ecosystem. Therefore, this experiment assessed the response strategies of fine root morphology (first- to fifth -order fine roots) in four different soil environments. The results showed that fine root morphology was related to soil environment, and there were significant differences in specific root length (SRL), specific surface area (SRA), diameter (D), and root tissue density (RTD) of first- and second -order fine roots. Soil total nitrogen (TN), alkaline nitrogen (AN) and available phosphorus (AP) were positively correlated with SRL and SRA and negatively correlated with D and RTD. Soil moisture (SW) was positively correlated with the D and RTD of first- and second-order fine roots and negatively correlated with the SRL and SRA. Soil temperature (ST), organic carbon (OC), soil bulk density (SBD) and soil porosity (SP) were not significantly correlated with the D, SRL, SRA, and RTD of the first- and second -order fine roots. AN was positively correlated with SRL and SRA and negatively correlated with both D and RTD in the first- and second -order fine roots, and the correlation coefficient was very significant. Therefore, we finally concluded that soil AN was the most critical factor affecting root D, SRL, SRA and RTD of fine roots, and mainly affected the morphology of first- and second -order fine roots. In conclusion, our research provides support for understanding the relationship between fine root morphology and soil environment, and indicates that soil nutrient gradient forms good root morphology at intraspecific scale.
The natural regeneration of seedlings is a key factor for forest succession. Nevertheless, studies explaining the mechanism of growth and biomass allocation in regenerated seedlings after disturbance ...are lacking. Therefore, we measured the growth, biomass accumulation, and biomass allocation in current-age seedlings of
Pinus massoniana
after selective logging (logging of competitive trees,
LCT
; logging of inferior trees,
LIT
; and unlogged control,
CK
), and established structural equation models (SEMs) among the spatial structure characteristic indexes of the stand, environmental factors, and biomass allocation in different organs. As compared to the
CK
, the mingling index (
M
), uniform angle index (
W
), opening degree (
O
), soil organic carbon (SOC), available nitrogen (SAN), available phosphorus (SAP), available potassium (SAK), and bulk density (SBD) significantly increased (
p
< 0.05), while the competition index (
CI
) and neighborhood comparison (
U
) significantly decreased after logging (
p
< 0.05). After the
LCT
, seedling branch biomass improved, with an increase in the ground-diameter, crown-root ratio, and seedling quality index. More biomass was allocated to foliage and roots by an increase in the height and height-diameter ratio under the
LIT
. In the
CK
, increasing stem biomass helped the seedlings absorb and utilize more light. The Pearson correlation coefficient showed that biomass allocation to organs was independent, and seedlings adopted the strategies of heterogeneous adaptation and growth, thereby resulting in the separation of the allocation patterns among the organs. As per the redundancy analysis (RDA),
CI
was the main factor in biomass allocation. Environmental factors had direct effects on biomass allocation to organs, while the stand spatial structure characteristic indexes had indirect effects on biomass allocation based on SEMs. In summary, the
LCT
had significant, albeit indirect, effects on SOC, SAN, and SBD by reducing the
CI
for the regeneration and growth of seedlings in the stand, which was of great significance to the sustainable development of the forest stand of
P. massoniana
.
With the development of the meteorological IoT (Internet of Things) and meteorological sensing network, the collected multi-source meteorological data have the characteristics of large amount of ...information, multidimensional and high accuracy. Cloud computing technology has been applied to the storage and service of meteorological big data. Although the constant evolution of big data storage technology is improving the storage and access of meteorological data, storage and service efficiency is still far from meeting multi-source big data requirements. Traditional methods have been used for the storage and service of meteorological data, and a number of problems still persist, such as a lack of unified storage structure, poor scalability, and poor service performance. In this study, an efficient storage and service method for multidimensional meteorological data is designed based on NoSQL big data storage technology and the multidimensional characteristics of meteorological data. In the process of data storage, multidimensional block compression technology and data structures are applied to store and transmit meteorological data. In service, heterogeneous NoSQL common components are designed to improve the heterogeneity of the NoSQL database. The results show that the proposed method has good storage transmission efficiency and versatility, and can effectively improve the efficiency of meteorological data storage and service in meteorological applications.
The upper reaches of the Yangtze River are a very important ecological barrier in China, but the ecological benefits of large-scale Cupressus funebris Endl.plantations are low. This study ...investigated 12 plantations of different compositions and densities, including two densities of Cinnamomum septentrionale Hand.-Mazz. (Cs), Alnus cremastogyne Burk. (Ac), and Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem. (Ts), and mixed plantations of Cs + Ac (CA), Ts + Cs (TC), Ts + Ac (TA), and Ac + Ts + Cs (ATC) and the cutting-blank (CB), and, at the same time, the unreconstructed pure C. funebris (Cf) forest was set as the control. We aimed to explore the influence mechanism of upper tree composition and density on shrub diversity, as well as the relationship between shrub diversity and niche. Our research results are as follows: (1) Among all the patterns, the TA, CA, and TC patterns are the most conducive to improving the diversity of shrubs. The composition and density of different trees have a great influence on the diversity of shrubs. (2) Niche is closely related to the diversity of shrubs. In the patterns of low niche overlap between dominant shrubs, the diversity of shrubs is greater. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between the diversity of overstory and shrubs, and reveals the relationship between niche and diversity.
Meteorological data have many features, such as a large amount of information, multidimensionality, and high precision. Cloud computing technology has been applied to the storage and service of ...meteorological big data. Although the constant evolution of big data storage technology is improving meteorological data storage and access, storage and service efficiency is still far from meeting big data requirements. Traditional methods have been used for the storage and service of meteorological data, and some problems still persist, such as a lack of unified storage structure and poor scalability. In this study, an efficient storage and service method for multidimensional meteorological data is designed based on NoSQL big data storage technology and the multidimensional characteristics of meteorological data. In the data storage process, multidimensional block compression technology and data structures are applied to store and transmit meteorological data. In service, heterogeneous NoSQL common components are designed to improve the heterogeneity of the NoSQL database. The research results show that the proposed method has good storage transmission efficiency and versatility and can effectively improve the efficiency of meteorological data storage and service in meteorological applications.
Network of China Next Generation Weather Radar (CINRAD) has operated for many years. The establishment of a national disaster radar case database is very important for conducting strong convection ...and heavy rain research. Radar case library system is supported by three basic database which are radar case metadata, radar basis database, radar characteristics database. On the basis of the formulating the relevant standards of case selection, establishing meta-information cataloging system, collecting described meta-information content of case, providing basis information for the construction of meta-databases of the radar database; Through the establishment of radar Characteristics extraction system, complete the acquisition and extraction of the basic data, product data, feature parameters data, provides the data support for the basic database of case databases and radar characteristics data.
This paper presents a review on the rock associations, geochemistry, and spatial distribution of Mesozoic-Paleogene igneous rocks in Northeast Asia. The record of magmatism is used to evaluate the ...spatial-temporal extent and influence of multiple tectonic regimes during the Mesozoic, as well as the onset and history of Paleo-Pacific slab subduction beneath Eurasian continent. Mesozoic-Paleogene magmatism at the continental margin of Northeast Asia can be subdivided into nine stages that took place in the Early-Middle Triassic, Late Triassic, Early Jurassic, Middle Jurassic, Late Jurassic, early Early Cretaceous, late Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous, and Paleogene, respectively. The Triassic magmatism is mainly composed of adakitic rocks, bimodal rocks, alkaline igneous rocks, and A-type granites and rhyolites that formed in syn-collisional to post-collisional extensional settings related to the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. However, Triassic calc-alkaline igneous rocks in the Erguna-Xing’an massifs were associated with the southward subduction of the Mongol-Okhotsk oceanic slab. A passive continental margin setting existed in Northeast Asia during the Triassic. Early Jurassic calc-alkaline igneous rocks have a geochemical affinity to arc-like magmatism, whereas coeval intracontinental magmatism is composed of bimodal igneous rocks and A-type granites. Spatial variations in the potassium contents of Early Jurassic igneous rocks from the continental margin to intracontinental region, together with the presence of an Early Jurassic accretionary complex, reveal that the onset of the Paleo- Pacific slab subduction beneath Eurasian continent occurred in the Early Jurassic. Middle Jurassic to early Early Cretaceous magmatism did not take place at the continental margin of Northeast Asia. This observation, combined with the occurrence of low-altitude biological assemblages and the age population of detrital zircons in an Early Cretaceous accretionary complex, indicates that a strike-slip tectonic regime existed between the continental margin and Paleo-Pacific slab during the Middle Jurassic to early Early Cretaceous. The widespread occurrence of late Early Cretaceous calc-alkaline igneous rocks, I-type granites, and adakitic rocks suggests low-angle subduction of the Paleo-Pacific slab beneath Eurasian continent at this time. The eastward narrowing of the distribution of igneous rocks from the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene, and the change from an intracontinental to continental margin setting, suggest the eastward movement of Eurasian continent and rollback of the Paleo- Pacific slab at this time.
Hundreds of billions of platelets are cleared daily from circulation via efficient and highly regulated mechanisms. These mechanisms may be stimulated by exogenous reagents or environmental changes ...to accelerate platelet clearance, leading to thrombocytopenia. The interplay between antiapoptotic Bcl-xL and proapoptotic molecules Bax and Bak sets an internal clock for the platelet lifespan, and BH3-only proteins, mitochondrial permeabilization, and phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure may also contribute to apoptosis-induced platelet clearance. Binding of plasma von Willebrand factor or antibodies to the ligand-binding domain of glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα) on platelets can activate GPIb-IX in a shear-dependent manner by inducing unfolding of the mechanosensory domain therein, and trigger downstream signaling in the platelet including desialylation and PS exposure. Deglycosylated platelets are recognized by the Ashwell-Morell receptor and potentially other scavenger receptors, and are rapidly cleared by hepatocytes and/or macrophages. Inhibitors of platelet clearance pathways, including inhibitors of GPIbα shedding, neuraminidases, and platelet signaling, are efficacious at preserving the viability of platelets during storage and improving their recovery and survival in vivo. Overall, common mechanisms of platelet clearance have begun to emerge, suggesting potential strategies to extend the shelf-life of platelets stored at room temperature or to enable refrigerated storage.
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