Toward a Shared Vision for Cancer Genomic Data Grossman, Robert L; Heath, Allison P; Ferretti, Vincent ...
The New England journal of medicine,
2016-Sep-22, Letnik:
375, Številka:
12
Journal Article
A photo-induced cyclic peroxidation in isolated chloroplasts is described. In an osmotic buffered medium, chloroplasts upon illumination produce malondialdehyde (MDA)—a decomposition product of ...tri-unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides—bleach endogenous chlorophyll, and consume oxygen. These processes show (a) no reaction in the absence of illumination; (b) an initial lag phase upon illumination of 10-20 minutes duration; (c) a linear phase in which the rate is proportional to the square root of the light intensity; (d) cessation of reaction occurring within 3 minutes after illumination ceases; and (e) a termination phase after several hours of illumination. The kinetics of the above processes fit a cyclic peroxidation equation with velocity coefficients near those for chemical peroxidation.
The stoichiometry of MDA/O2 = 0.02, and O2/Chlbleached = 6.9 correlates well with MDA production efficiency in other biological systems and with the molar ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to chlorophyll. The energies of activation for the lag and linear phases are 17 and 0 kcal/mole, respectively, the same as that for autoxidation. During the linear phase of oxygen uptake the dependence upon temperature and O2 concentration indicates that during the reaction, oxygen tension at the site of peroxidation is 100-fold lower than in the aqueous phase.
It is concluded that isolated chloroplasts upon illumination can undergo a cyclic peroxidation initiated by the light absorbed by chlorophyll. Photoperoxidation results in a destruction of the chlorophyll and tri-unsaturated fatty acids of the chloroplast membranes.
When plants are observed under a low dose of ozone, some physiological and metabolic shifts occur. Barring extreme injury such as tissue damage or stomata closure, most of these disruptive changes ...are likely to have been initiated at the level of gene expression. The belief is oxidative products formed in ozone exposed leaves, e.g. hydrogen peroxide, are responsible for much of the biochemical adjustments. The first line of defense is a range of antioxidants, such as ascorbate and glutathione, but if this defense is overwhelmed, subsequent actions occur, similar to systemic acquired resistance or general wounding. Yet there are seemingly unrelated metabolic responses which are also triggered, such as early senescence. We discuss here the current understanding of gene control and signal transduction/control in order to increase our comprehension of how ozone alters the basic metabolism of plants and how plants counteract or cope with ozone.
A discussion of current concepts of how ozone interactions with plant leaf tissue can trigger a wide variety of injury symptoms, which include antioxidants changes and metabolic shifts.
Studies are continuously performed to improve risk communication campaign designs to better prepare residents to act in the safest manner during an emergency. To that end, this article investigates ...the predictive ability of the protective action decision model (PADM), which links environmental and social cues, predecision processes (attention, exposure, and comprehension), and risk decision perceptions (threat, alternative protective actions, and stakeholder norms) with protective action decision making. This current quasi‐longitudinal study of residents (N = 400 for each year) in a high‐risk (chemical release) petrochemical manufacturing community investigated whether PADM core risk perceptions predict protective action decision making. Telephone survey data collected at four intervals (1995, 1998, 2002, 2012) reveal that perceptions of protective actions and stakeholder norms, but not of threat, currently predict protective action decision making (intention to shelter in place). Of significance, rather than threat perceptions, perception of Wally Wise Guy (a spokes‐character who advocates shelter in place) correlates with perceptions of protective action, stakeholder norms, and protective action decision making. Wally's response‐efficacy advice predicts residents’ behavioral intentions to shelter in place, thereby offering contextually sensitive support and refinement for PADM.
•This paper interrogates the conceptual and practical value of the concept, mutually beneficial relationships.•This interrogation includes the use of the logics of strategic issues management as ...societal intelligences.•This paper uses the issue conflict between the NRA and the Parkland Students to investigate how within-group MBRs can prevent issue resolution.•The conclusion is that without giving way, the conflict continues without compromise or the sharing of a common issue conclusion.•This situation leads to an hegemony that can sustain resistance to change its strategic management plan to achieve legitimizing corporate social responsibility.
Mutually beneficial relationships (MBRs), a concept used to define public relations processes and outcomes, has been featured relatively uncritically for many years. This normative concept became a defining theme in the romantic era (1970s–1990s) of public relations: an elixir for collective problem solving and shared decision making. Careful consideration of highly contested issues, however, reveals evidence that within-group MBRs can prevent overarching issue solutions, decisions between issue-groups, and can constitute stalemating, hegemonic tribalism. Strategic issues management (SIM) provides decision-making intelligences by which conflict between businesses and other members of society can be understood. Issue advocates’ adversarial strategies, however, can frustrate a society’s ability to solve problems and make meaningful decisions, even when parties share a common motivating value. Stalemated public policy interpretations create sores that cannot heal; problems cannot be solved. Within-group MBRs can prevent between-group MBRs. This paper reviews the MBR and SIM literatures to analyze the National Rifle Association’s (NRA) marketplace and public policy role in a battle over gun regulation with students of Parkland, Florida. Parkland voices emerged after 17 students were killed with an assault weapon on February 14, 2018, in Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School.
•This exploratory essay addresses US colleges’ and universities’ roles in the engaged creation and enactment of corporate social responsibility (CSR) standards that lead to constructive change. The ...broad assumption is that universities’ licenses to operate, their legitimacy, require they meet or exceed stakeholder expectations to move beyond hegemony to seek constructive change.•It argues that universities play a constructive role, through internal and external engagement, in the societal effort to raise CSR standards with the goal of increasing social impact through constructive change.•As a place/context and by participating in external arenas, universities should support engagement by all academic disciplines to address issues that make societies more fully functioning.•By investigating research propositions relevant to these themes, this paper seeks to add to the growing interest in studying universities and colleges as voices of engagement toward elevated CSR standards and constructive change.
This exploratory essay argues that of all organizations least analyzed for the quality, social impact, of their public relations engagement, universities probably head that list. Such impact, idiosyncratic to universities’ unique and complex sociopolitical role, justifies their corporate social responsibility (CSR) as organizational legitimacy, license to operate. Judged against strategic issues management’s (SIM) rationale for using stakeholder expectations to define legitimacy gaps (between organizational impact and stakeholder expectations), the engagement role unique to universities tests their functional and moral ability to enact themselves constructively in communities where they operate and in society at large. Stakeholder voices of all kinds engage to set CSR standards as means for improving the qualitative functioning of society; no society can be better than the organizations that engage to draw conclusions and create norms by which to enact it. Unique CSR engagement roles of universities include (1) elevating the functional and moral standards which guide them, (2) engaging in internal and external public arenas to foster constructive social impact, and (3) fostering research, teaching, and community service as engagement that produces social change by raising standards of moral and functional impact. This aspirational principle focuses attention as to whether universities’ CSR/legitimacy efforts reinforce hegemony or seek constructive social change.
The goal of the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Genomic Data Commons (GDC) is to provide the cancer research community with a data repository of uniformly processed genomic and associated ...clinical data that enables data sharing and collaborative analysis in the support of precision medicine. The initial GDC dataset include genomic, epigenomic, proteomic, clinical and other data from the NCI TCGA and TARGET programs. Data production for the GDC started in June, 2015 using an OpenStack-based private cloud. By June of 2016, the GDC had analyzed more than 50,000 raw sequencing data inputs, as well as multiple other data types. Using the latest human genome reference build GRCh38, the GDC generated a variety of data types from aligned reads to somatic mutations, gene expression, miRNA expression, DNA methylation status, and copy number variation. In this paper, we describe the pipelines and workflows used to process and harmonize the data in the GDC. The generated data, as well as the original input files from TCGA and TARGET, are available for download and exploratory analysis at the GDC Data Portal and Legacy Archive ( https://gdc.cancer.gov/ ).
•Highlights a flaw in the practice (and research paradigm) of public relations coined “the paradox of the positive”.•Uses the paradox of the positive as a theoretical concept to public relations ...scholarship and establishes a foundation to critique overly positive message framing and presentation in public relations practice.•Demonstrates the power of the paradox of positive and the ways such discourse does not serve the best interest of underrepresented communities.
Research continues to look for advances and flaws in the theory and practice of public relations. One such flaw, coined “the paradox of the positive” (Heath & Waymer, 2009), challenges theory and practice to avoid making glowingly positive statements for and about self-interested organizations, including their products, services, and programs. The critical concern is that discourse distorts the framing of issues, and assessments of organizations themselves, by expressing bias that is overly positive (or negative). Critical public relations research presumes that discourse is most fully functional when it supports objective, enlightened decision-making. This conceptual essay explores how theory and research support discussion of the dysfunctional power of the paradox of the positive to distort valuable cultural topoi that otherwise can guide management decision making and rhetorical discourse to solve problems and make sound decisions in the public interest. By understanding the paradox and grappling with its distortive impact, scholars and practitioners can navigate the dangers, benefits, ironies, and responsibilities required to expose and wrestle with a pervasive, taken-for-granted strategic practice of professional enterprise. Moreover, the paradox of the positive can harm the interests of marginalized publics and stakeholders. As a matter of discourse strategy, the challenge is to address issues and images with as little positive (or negative) distortion as possible if the practice is to broker the public interest.
•Scholars continue to push the boundaries of what should be studied critically to understand the nature and role of public relations as a force in society.•This paper explores the intersections ...between statues and monuments in Rome, as a paradigm, and in the USA, based on the statues and monuments that either honor or dishonor the narrative continuity of the Civil War.•Societies need narrative continuity to coordinate actions and discourse going into uncertain future needs of self-governance.•Union statues and monuments marked and honored achievements of those who defended the Union. Confederate statues and monuments were erected in expression of the narrative continuity of the South will rise again.•Reinterpreted 100 years later, the epideictic clash between expressions of honor and dishonor disclose intersections of tension between those who supported and opposed Union, the later in defense of marginalization of African Americans.
Public relations theory addresses strategic processes, including rhetorical strategies, that enable critical understanding of why and how communities develop, promulgate, and use text, in this case, statues and monuments, to establish narrative continuity based on moral judgment in the pursuit of relatedness. That paradigm reasons that narratives provide enactable continuity that binds the past, present, and future to culturally guide coordinated discourse and action. How statues and monuments are important to that end can be demonstrated by public relations practice in the United States: Post-Civil War to today. To develop that theme, this paper discusses how statues and monuments serve as textual resources that bind time and moralize behavior through commemoration/counter commemoration. As an intersection with narrative theory, epideictic rhetoric has celebrated (or condemned) citizenship actions that reflect and define moral behavior. Such rhetoric uses moral standards to judge acts, and advocates acts as worthy of praise as they exemplify moral standards. If standards change, acts that once were lauded can become condemned as unworthy of praise. Using the civil society intersection of narrative continuity, epideictic rhetoric, and relational capital, three eras will be examined to demonstrate the issue cause-related intersection of statues/monuments in the USA: (1) Post-Civil War and Reconstruction (roughly 1868–1900), (2) Jim Crow era (late 19th and early 20th century); and (3) recent efforts to erect, protect, and remove statues and monuments that support or disrupt the narrative continuity that enacts race-based marginalization and disempowerment as relatedness tensions.
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