Automated speech recognition (ASR) converts language into text and is used across a variety of applications to assist us in everyday life, from powering virtual assistants, natural language ...conversations, to enabling dictation services. While recent work suggests that there are racial disparities in the performance of ASR systems for speakers of African American Vernacular English, little is known about the psychological and experiential effects of these failures paper provides a detailed examination of the behavioral and psychological consequences of ASR voice errors and the difficulty African American users have with getting their intents recognized. The results demonstrate that ASR failures have a negative, detrimental impact on African American users. Specifically, African Americans feel othered when using technology powered by ASR-errors surface thoughts about identity, namely about race and geographic location-leaving them feeling that the technology was not made for them. As a result, African Americans accommodate their speech to have better success with the technology. We incorporate the insights and lessons learned from sociolinguistics in our suggestions for linguistically responsive ways to build more inclusive voice systems that consider African American users' needs, attitudes, and speech patterns. Our findings suggest that the use of a diary study can enable researchers to best understand the experiences and needs of communities who are often misunderstood by ASR. We argue this methodological framework could enable researchers who are concerned with fairness in AI to better capture the needs of all speakers who are traditionally misheard by voice-activated, artificially intelligent (voice-AI) digital systems.
Objective
Although a considerable amount of research has revealed connections between weight stigma and mental and physical health outcomes, no studies to date have experimentally manipulated the ...experience of obesity to understand how weight stigma causally affects eating behavior, physiology, and psychological well‐being. Research has also not yet identified effective strategies for reducing weight stigma.
Methods
In this research, the effect of weight stigma on psychological outcomes, unhealthy eating behavior, and the stress hormone cortisol was examined by randomly assigning participants to appear obese by wearing a fat suit or not. It was hypothesized that the physical alteration of participants' apparent body size would lead to similar consequences as those associated with the experience of weight stigma and reduce antifat attitudes.
Results
Supporting these hypotheses, experimentally manipulating apparent body size led participants to consume more unhealthy foods and report higher levels of negative effect. However, the study did not show any differences in cortisol reactivity or reduction in antifat attitudes as a function of the fat suit manipulation.
Conclusions
These findings contribute to an understanding of the potentially deleterious psychological and behavioral effects of weight stigma while also informing future interventions to reduce weight stigma.
Revisiting the Jezebel Stereotype Anderson, Joel R.; Holland, Elise; Heldreth, Courtney ...
Psychology of women quarterly,
12/2018, Letnik:
42, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The overt objectification and dehumanization of Black people has a long history throughout the Western world. However, few researchers have explored whether such perceptions still persist implicitly ...and whether Black women are sexually objectified at an interpersonal level. We sought to address this gap by exploring whether Black women are sexually objectified to a greater extent than White women and whether target sexualization exacerbates this effect. In Study 1, using eye-tracking technology (N = 38), we provide evidence that individuals attend more often, and for longer durations, to the sexual body parts of Black women compared to White women, particularly when presented in a sexualized manner. In Studies 2a (N = 120) and 2b (N = 131), we demonstrated that Black women are implicitly associated with both animals and objects to a greater degree than White women with a Go/No-Go Association Task. We discuss the implications of such dehumanizing treatment of Black people and Black women in U.S. society. We hope that this evidence will increase awareness that objectification can happen outside the realm of conscious thought and that related interventions ought to include an ethnicity-specific component. Additional online materials for this article, including online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching, are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index
There is growing recognition that identification with social groups can protect and enhance health and well-being, thereby constituting a kind of "social cure." The present research explores the role ...of control as a novel mediator of the relationship between shared group identity and well-being. Five studies provide evidence for this process. Group identification predicted significantly greater perceived personal control across 47 countries (Study 1), and in groups that had experienced success and failure (Study 2). The relationship was observed longitudinally (Study 3) and experimentally (Study 4). Manipulated group identification also buffered a loss of personal control (Study 5). Across the studies, perceived personal control mediated social cure effects in political, academic, community, and national groups. The findings reveal that the personal benefits of social groups come not only from their ability to make people feel good, but also from their ability to make people feel capable and in control of their lives.
This paper examines the adaptations African American English speakers make when imagining talking to a voice assistant, compared to a close friend/family member and to a stranger. Results show that ...speakers slowed their rate and produced less pitch variation in voice-assistant-"directed speech" (DS), relative to human-DS. These adjustments were not mediated by how often participants reported experiencing errors with automatic speech recognition. Overall, this paper addresses a limitation in the types of language varieties explored when examining technology-DS registers and contributes to our understanding of the dynamics of human-computer interaction.
Revisiting the Jezebel Stereotype Anderson, Joel R; Holland, Elise; Heldreth Courtney ...
Psychology of women quarterly,
12/2018, Letnik:
42, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The overt objectification and dehumanization of Black people has a long history throughout the Western world. However, few researchers have explored whether such perceptions still persist implicitly ...and whether Black women are sexually objectified at an interpersonal level. We sought to address this gap by exploring whether Black women are sexually objectified to a greater extent than White women and whether target sexualization exacerbates this effect. In Study 1, using eye-tracking technology (N = 38), we provide evidence that individuals attend more often, and for longer durations, to the sexual body parts of Black women compared to White women, particularly when presented in a sexualized manner. In Studies 2a (N = 120) and 2b (N = 131), we demonstrated that Black women are implicitly associated with both animals and objects to a greater degree than White women with a Go/No-Go Association Task. We discuss the implications of such dehumanizing treatment of Black people and Black women in U.S. society. We hope that this evidence will increase awareness that objectification can happen outside the realm of conscious thought and that related interventions ought to include an ethnicity-specific component. Additional online materials for this article, including online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching, are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index
Skin tone plays a critical role in artificial intelligence (AI). However, many algorithms have exhibited unfair bias against people with darker skin tones. One reason this occurs is a poor ...understanding of how well the scales we use to measure and account for skin tone in AI actually represent the variation of skin tones in people affected by these systems. To address this, we conducted a survey with 2,214 people in the United States to compare three skin tone scales: The Fitzpatrick 6-point scale, Rihanna's Fenty Beauty 40-point skin tone palette, and a newly developed Monk 10-point scale from the social sciences. We find that the Fitzpatrick scale is perceived to be less inclusive than the Fenty and Monk skin tone scales, and this was especially true for people from historically marginalized communities (i.e., people with darker skin tones, BIPOCs, and women). We also find no statistically meaningful differences in perceived representation across the Monk skin tone scale and the Fenty Beauty palette. We discuss the ways in which our findings can advance the understanding of skin tone in both the social science and machine learning communities.
Given the numerous and important differences between how a fat person and a thin person wearing a fat suit would experience fatness, the findings from fat suit studies cannot be reliably interpreted. ......this method is, in fact, inappropriate for determining causality. ...we believe our study makes exactly this point-no matter what an individual's objective weight, and even for those not in the "obese" BMI category (for the average BMI in our study was 21.88), we observed our effects. ...in our other work, when manipulating only the experience of stigma, and not weight, we found that cortisol reactivity effects were greatest in women who perceived themselves as heavy, regardless of objective BMI (2). ...the fat suit helps to highlight the uniqueness of weight stigma in that it can affect anyone made to feel part of this stigmatized group, regardless of objective anthropometry.
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