During the summer of 2018, a widespread drought developed over Northern and Central Europe. The increase in temperature and the reduction of soil moisture have influenced carbon dioxide (CO 2) ...exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems in various ways, such as a reduction of photosynthesis, changes in ecosystem respiration, or allowing more frequent fires. In this study, we characterize the resulting perturbation of the atmospheric CO 2 seasonal cycles. 2018 has a good coverage of European regions affected by drought, allowing the investigation of how ecosystem flux anomalies impacted spatial CO 2 gradients between stations. This density of stations is unprecedented compared to previous drought events in 2003 and 2015, particularly thanks to the deployment of the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) network of atmospheric greenhouse gas monitoring stations in recent years. Seasonal CO 2 cycles from 48 European stations were available for 2017 and 2018. Earlier data were retrieved for comparison from international databases or national networks. Here, we show that the usual summer minimum in CO 2 due to the surface carbon uptake was reduced by 1.4 ppm in 2018 for the 10 stations located in the area most affected by the temperature anomaly, mostly in Northern Europe. Notwithstanding, the CO 2 transition phases before and after July were slower in 2018 compared to 2017, suggesting an extension of the growing season, with either continued CO 2 uptake by photosynthesis and/or a reduction in respiration driven by the depletion of substrate for respiration inherited from the previous months due to the drought. For stations with sufficiently long time series, the CO 2 anomaly observed in 2018 was compared to previous European droughts in 2003 and 2015. Considering the areas most affected by the temperature anomalies, we found a higher CO 2 anomaly in 2003 (+3 ppm averaged over 4 sites), and a smaller anomaly in 2015 (+1 ppm averaged over 11 sites) compared to 2018. This article is part of the theme issue 'Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale'.
The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) is a pan-European research infrastructure which provides harmonized and high-precision scientific data on the carbon cycle and the greenhouse gas ...budget. All stations have to undergo a rigorous assessment before being labeled, i.e., receiving approval to join the network. In this paper, we present the labeling process for the ICOS atmosphere network through the 23 stations that were labeled between November 2017 and November 2019. We describe the labeling steps, as well as the quality controls, used to verify that the ICOS data (CO2, CH4, CO and meteorological measurements) attain the expected quality level defined within ICOS. To ensure the quality of the greenhouse gas data, three to four calibration gases and two target gases are measured: one target two to three times a day, the other gases twice a month. The data are verified on a weekly basis, and tests on the station sampling lines are performed twice a year. From these high-quality data, we conclude that regular calibrations of the CO2, CH4 and CO analyzers used here (twice a month) are important in particular for carbon monoxide (CO) due to the analyzer's variability and that reducing the number of calibration injections (from four to three) in a calibration sequence is possible, saving gas and extending the calibration gas lifespan. We also show that currently, the on-site water vapor correction test does not deliver quantitative results possibly due to environmental factors. Thus the use of a drying system is strongly recommended. Finally, the mandatory regular intake line tests are shown to be useful in detecting artifacts and leaks, as shown here via three different examples at the stations.
The aim of this paper is to compare the criteria for eco-labeling of wild-caught fish in the Norwegian eco-certified fisheries, and to study if these eco-labels affect the harvesting patterns of ...Norwegian fishermen. The eco-labels Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), KRAV and Friend of the Sea (FOS) as applied in 2009 were studied. In this study, the harvesting patterns are defined by using the following parameters: season, catch area, size of fishing vessel, gear type, bycatch, location of landing site and distance to the fishing ground. KRAV had more specific criteria than did MSC and FOS in specific fisheries regarding time of the fishing effort, catch area, size of fishing vessels, gear type (e.g. hook size, and the use of beam trawlers was not permitted) and distance to the fishing ground. The findings show that few of the eco-label requirements influenced these aspects in Norwegian fisheries.
► The eco-labels Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), KRAV and Friend of the Sea (FOS) were studied. ► Few of the criteria affected the harvesting patterns of Norwegian fishermen in 2009. ► Energy consumption and problems related to bycatch of coastal cod may change the situation.
Lactococcus garvieae is a fish pathogen, rarely causing opportunistic infections in humans. There are only a few cases reported in the literature, mainly endocarditis, suggesting an association with ...raw fish consumption. We report a case of a periprosthetic hip infection successfully treated with a two-stage revision surgery.
Abstract
Seasonal and interannual variability in surface water partial pressure of CO
2
(
p
CO
2
) and air‐sea CO
2
fluxes from a West Spitsbergen fjord (IsA Station, Adventfjorden) are presented, ...and the associated driving forces are evaluated. Marine CO
2
system data together with temperature, salinity, and nutrients, were collected at the IsA Station between March 2015 and June 2017. The surface waters were undersaturated in
p
CO
2
with respect to atmospheric
p
CO
2
all year round. The effects of biological activity (primary production/respiration) followed by thermal forcing on
p
CO
2
were the most important drivers on a seasonal scale. The ocean was a sink for atmospheric CO
2
with annual air‐sea CO
2
fluxes of −36 ± 2 and −31 ± 2 g C·m
−2
·year
−1
for 2015–2016 and 2016–2017, respectively, as estimated from the month of April. Waters of an Arctic origin dominated in 2015 and were replaced in 2016 by waters of a transformed Atlantic source. The CO
2
uptake rates over the period of Arctic origin waters were significantly higher (2 mmol C·m
−2
·day
−1
) than the rates of the Atlantic origin waters of the following year.
Key Points
Large undersaturation of surface water
p
CO
2
with respect to atmospheric
p
CO
2
was observed in an Arctic fjord following two annual cycles
Biological activity and temperature are key drivers for the observed monthly variability in surface water
p
CO
2
The uptake of CO
2
is enhanced when Arctic origin waters are present in the fjord as compared to Atlantic origin waters
In November 2021, a clonal outbreak of
of novel sequence type ST3875 was detected in three patients who died of bloodstream infections in one hospital. By 25 April 2022, the outbreak included 339 ...cases from 38 hospitals across Norway. Initial hospital reports indicate
infection as the main contributing cause in seven deaths. In March 2022, the outbreak strain was identified in non-sterile pre-moistened disposable washcloths, used to clean patients, from three lots from the same international manufacturer.
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