Secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG) using autologous iliac crest cancellous bone is a standard procedure for patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP). The aim of this study was to evaluate ...patient satisfaction after bone grafting of the alveolar cleft. Patients who underwent SABG between 2000 and 2010 in one surgical centre were included in this cross-sectional study. Three questionnaires were used, one addressing functional and aesthetic outcomes (nine items), the second being the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-G14), and the third addressing donor site morbidity. A total of 103 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, of whom 71 could be contacted, and 52 completed the questionnaires. The majority of the patients (98%) were satisfied with the aesthetic and functional results and reported low donor site morbidity. A significant correlation was found between scores from the patient satisfaction questionnaire and the OHIP-G14. Regarding overall patient satisfaction, the manifestation of the cleft had no significant influence. The questionnaires used allowed the assessment of subjective outcome parameters, but might not be absolutely specific and exclusive for the SABG procedure in the framework of comprehensive CLP therapy. Nevertheless, SABG using autologous iliac crest cancellous bone can be considered a highly satisfactory procedure.
Particle detectors record the interactions of subatomic particles and their passage through matter. The identification of these particles is necessary for in-depth physics analysis. While particles ...can be identified by their individual behavior as they travel through matter, the full context of the interaction in which they are produced can aid the classification task substantially. We have developed the first convolutional neural network for particle identification which uses context information. This is also the first implementation of a four-tower siamese-type architecture both for separation of independent inputs and inclusion of context information. The network classifies clusters of energy deposits from the NOvA neutrino detectors as electrons, muons, photons, pions, and protons with an overall efficiency and purity of 83.3% and 83.5%, respectively. We show that providing the network with context information improves performance by comparing our results with a network trained without context information.
Various electrical and dielectric properties were measured on rutile-type compositions Fe1-xMnxNbTiO6 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.9) between ≈ 100 K and 750 K using impedance spectroscopy. DC conductivity σDC shows ...Arrhenius behavior for the bulk above room temperature (RT) for all x values. Starting from x = 0, there is a considerable change in activation energy EA and σDC(300 K) between x = 0.1 and 0.2 with increase from EA ≈ 0.3–0.6 eV, accompanied by a fall in σDC(300 K) from ≈10−4 to 10−8 Ω−1cm−1; for x > 0.2 no considerable further variation with rising x is established. For x ≤ 0.1, below RT Mott's variable range hopping T−1/4 law is obeyed for σDC. The known relaxor-type behavior of the dielectric constant ε′ for x = 0 with very high peaks at 500–600 K for low frequencies (163 Hz-6 kHz) changes with rising x to consecutively lower values in ε′ with disappearance of the peaks and with the largest values at the highest applied temperatures; the relaxor-type behavior can originate from a combination of bulk, grain boundary and sample-electrode effects. Below RT, a dramatic decrease in ε′ is noted for low x values, resulting finally at ≈ 100 K for compositions of any x in the bulk value of ε’ < 15. The thermopower above RT is negative, hence n-type conduction occurs and charge transport is attributed to small polaron hopping. 57Fe Mössbauer parameters exhibit some irregularities between x = 0.05 and 0.2, ascribed predominantly to the influence of local distortions by Jahn-Teller active Mn3+ ions.
•Rutile-type Fe1-xMnxNbTiO6 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.9) was synthesized in oxidizing atmosphere.•Impedance spectra measured at low T enable to determine bulk properties.•Electrical DC and AC conductivities show effect of Jahn-Teller active Mn3+.•The dielectric constant ε′ shows relaxor-type behavior for small x values at high T.•There is a considerable drop in ε ′for small x values at low T.
In this communication we present preferentially bulk electrical and dielectric quantities on rutile-type FeNbTiO6 samples below room temperature (RT), sintered in air, CO2 or 5%H2/CO2 atmosphere ...between temperatures of 1423 K and 1573 K. In the past, FeNbTiO6 had been found to exhibit relaxor ferroelectric-like dielectric constant peaks at 500–600 K, assigned to bulk properties and to some extent to grain boundary and sample–electrode processes. Below RT, mainly bulk data were collected from impedance spectra; derived quantities describe characteristic features of bulk response for samples prepared in different conditions. The DC electrical conductivity obeys Mott's variable range T−1/4 law between ≈80 K and 220 K for samples sintered at 1573 K in air, as already reported previously, while after heating at 1473 K in air, Arrhenius behavior occurs. The individual samples show characteristic differences as regards DC and AC conductivity, dielectric constant and dissipation factor tanδ. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy enabled to gain knowledge of local inhomogeneities in the environment of FeO6 octahedra that may affect electrical conduction. This concerns in particular samples, prepared in reducing conditions of H2/CO2 atmosphere, with Fe2+ exceeding by far the fraction of Fe3+.
•Rutile-type FeNbTiO6 was synthesized in oxidizing and reducing atmosphere.•Mössbauer spectra reveal Fe3+ and Fe2+ after preparation in reducing condition.•Impedance spectra measured at low T enable to determine bulk properties.•Electrical DC and AC conductivities are higher after synthesis in reducing condition.•The dielectric constant shows a considerable drop towards low T for all samples.
Electrical and dielectric properties were measured on rutile-type FeNbTiO6, sintered in air, CO2 or 5%H2/CO2 atmosphere between temperatures of 1423 and 1573K. The individual samples show ...characteristic differences in DC and AC conductivity, dielectric constant ε(ω) (ω is angular frequency), dielectric loss and dissipation factor. Attempts were made to distinguish between bulk, grain boundary (GB) and sample–electrode (SE) processes. Samples show very high relaxor-like ε(ω) peaks at 500−600K using Ag-paint contacts as expected from previous studies during preparation in air that is of interest for industrial application; utilizing Pt-paint and using slightly reducing sintering conditions, a clear variation was observed. These findings point to a notable influence of GB and/or SE effects on the experimental ε(ω), in addition to the intrinsic origin by polar nanoregions, as suggested earlier. Complex plane impedance plots are characterized by semicircular arcs due to bulk, GB and/or SE charge transport. The derived DC conductivity σDC shows Arrhenius behavior with activation energy of EA≈0.27–0.37eV and σDC(300K) ≈1×10−6–3×10−4Ω−1cm−1 for the bulk, EA≈0.7–0.9eV and σDC(300K)≈5×10−10–1×10−4Ω−1cm−1 for GB and/or SE processes, depending on the preparation conditions. The thermopower is small and negative, hence n-type conduction occurs and the charge carriers are electrons or electron polarons. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy enabled to gain knowledge of local nonstoichiometry in the environment of Fe cations, presumably affecting electrical conduction in the bulk and GBs; after sample preparation in reducing conditions, apart from Fe3+ also the presence of Fe2+ ions was established.
•Rutile-type FeNbTiO6 was synthesized in oxidizing and reducing atmosphere.•Mössbauer spectra reveal Fe3+ and Fe2+ after preparation in reducing condition.•Impedance spectra allow to distinguish between bulk and grain boundary conduction.•Electrical DC and AC conductivities are higher after synthesis in reducing condition.•Relaxor-type electrical constant is noted after preparation in both conditions.
Installation of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in public schools has been shown to improve outcomes for children with sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). However, the adequacy of faculty AED ...training and potential barriers to successful cardiac resuscitation remain unknown. A questionnaire was mailed to all public schools in the state of Illinois (n = 3796). The survey focused on the demographic variables of each school as well as the confidence of the responder regarding effectiveness of AED training. 2,192 surveys were included in this study (58% response rate). Independent variables for perceived inadequate AED training were schools that were predominantly black (odds ratio OR 3.93; 3.01 to 5.13) or Hispanic (OR 2.75; 2.11 to 3.58), elementary schools (OR 2.05; 1.69 to 2.50), schools with <250 students (OR 1.69; 1.19 to 2.40) and <25 faculty (OR 1.54; 1.10 to 2.15). Eighty-eight percent of responders cited at least one barrier to successful AED utilization. Location in a town setting (OR 9.34; 4.73 to 18.44) or rural setting (OR 3.18; 2.47 to 4.10) as well as upper socioeconomic status (OR 3.85; 2.04 to 7.29) were found to be predictors of schools with no barriers to AED utilization.
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