The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is a quantitative nosological system that addresses shortcomings of traditional mental disorder diagnoses, including arbitrary boundaries between ...psychopathology and normality, frequent disorder co‐occurrence, substantial heterogeneity within disorders, and diagnostic unreliability over time and across clinicians. This paper reviews evidence on the validity and utility of the internalizing and somatoform spectra of HiTOP, which together provide support for an emotional dysfunction superspectrum. These spectra are composed of homogeneous symptom and maladaptive trait dimensions currently subsumed within multiple diagnostic classes, including depressive, anxiety, trauma‐related, eating, bipolar, and somatic symptom disorders, as well as sexual dysfunction and aspects of personality disorders. Dimensions falling within the emotional dysfunction superspectrum are broadly linked to individual differences in negative affect/neuroticism. Extensive evidence establishes that dimensions falling within the superspectrum share genetic diatheses, environmental risk factors, cognitive and affective difficulties, neural substrates and biomarkers, childhood temperamental antecedents, and treatment response. The structure of these validators mirrors the quantitative structure of the superspectrum, with some correlates more specific to internalizing or somatoform conditions, and others common to both, thereby underlining the hierarchical structure of the domain. Compared to traditional diagnoses, the internalizing and somatoform spectra demonstrated substantially improved utility: greater reliability, larger explanatory and predictive power, and greater clinical applicability. Validated measures are currently available to implement the HiTOP system in practice, which can make diagnostic classification more useful, both in research and in the clinic.
Narcissism and the pursuit of status Zeigler‐Hill, Virgil; Vrabel, Jennifer K.; McCabe, Gillian A. ...
Journal of personality,
April 2019, 2019-Apr, 2019-04-00, 20190401, Letnik:
87, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Objective
The purpose of the present studies was to examine the connections that narcissistic admiration and narcissistic rivalry had with various aspects of status.
Method
Study 1 examined the ...associations that narcissism had with the motivation to seek status in a sample of 1,219 community members. Study 2 examined whether narcissism interacted with the status‐seeking motive to predict how individuals pursued status in a sample of 760 community members and college students. Study 3 used a daily diary approach to examine whether narcissism moderated the associations that daily perceptions of status and affiliation had with state self‐esteem in 356 college students.
Results
Our results revealed that narcissistic admiration and narcissistic rivalry were somewhat similar in their desire for status but had divergent associations with other aspects of status (e.g., strategies employed to attain status, perceptions of status, reactions to perceived status).
Conclusions
The results of the present studies suggest that narcissistic admiration is associated with an agentic orientation to the pursuit of status, whereas narcissistic rivalry is associated with an antagonistic orientation to the pursuit of status. Discussion focuses on the implications of these results for our understanding of the connections between narcissism and status.
The current study examined whether personality domains have nonmonotonic relationships with functional outcomes, specifically in relation to quality of life and impairment. Four samples were ...utilized, which were drawn from the United States and Germany. Personality trait domains were measured via the IPIP-NEO and PID-5; quality of life (QoL) was measured with the WHOQOL-BREF, and impairment was measured using the WHODAS-2.0. The PID-5 was analyzed in all four samples. Two-line testing, which fits two spline regression lines separated at a break point, was conducted to evaluate potential nonmonotonicity of the relationship between personality traits and quality of life. Overall, results demonstrated little support for nonmonotonic relationships in the PID-5 and IPIP-NEO dimensions. Rather, our results indicate that there is one clear pathological pole of major domains of personality that is associated with lower quality of life and increased impairment.
General Scientific Summary
This study set out to analyze potential nonmonotonicity in relations between major forms of maladaptive personality, quality of life, and impairment. Maladaptive personality traits were related to diminished QoL and increased impairment in most domains at a single pole only, with little replicable evidence for nonmonotonic associations.
The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is a scientific effort to address shortcomings of traditional mental disorder diagnoses, which suffer from arbitrary boundaries between ...psychopathology and normality, frequent disorder co‐occurrence, heterogeneity within disorders, and diagnostic instability. This paper synthesizes evidence on the validity and utility of the thought disorder and detachment spectra of HiTOP. These spectra are composed of symptoms and maladaptive traits currently subsumed within schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, and schizotypal, paranoid and schizoid personality disorders. Thought disorder ranges from normal reality testing, to maladaptive trait psychoticism, to hallucinations and delusions. Detachment ranges from introversion, to maladaptive detachment, to blunted affect and avolition. Extensive evidence supports the validity of thought disorder and detachment spectra, as each spectrum reflects common genetics, environmental risk factors, childhood antecedents, cognitive abnormalities, neural alterations, biomarkers, and treatment response. Some of these characteristics are specific to one spectrum and others are shared, suggesting the existence of an overarching psychosis superspectrum. Further research is needed to extend this model, such as clarifying whether mania and dissociation belong to thought disorder, and explicating processes that drive development of the spectra and their subdimensions. Compared to traditional diagnoses, the thought disorder and detachment spectra demonstrated substantially improved utility: greater reliability, larger explanatory and predictive power, and higher acceptability to clinicians. Validated measures are available to implement the system in practice. The more informative, reliable and valid characterization of psychosis‐related psychopathology offered by HiTOP can make diagnosis more useful for research and clinical care.
The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is an empirical effort to address limitations of traditional mental disorder diagnoses. These include arbitrary boundaries between disorder and ...normality, disorder co‐occurrence in the modal case, heterogeneity of presentation within disorders, and instability of diagnosis within patients. This paper reviews the evidence on the validity and utility of the disinhibited externalizing and antagonistic externalizing spectra of HiTOP, which together constitute a broad externalizing superspectrum. These spectra are composed of elements subsumed within a variety of mental disorders described in recent DSM nosologies, including most notably substance use disorders and “Cluster B” personality disorders. The externalizing superspectrum ranges from normative levels of impulse control and self‐assertion, to maladaptive disinhibition and antagonism, to extensive polysubstance involvement and personality psychopathology. A rich literature supports the validity of the externalizing superspectrum, and the disinhibited and antagonistic spectra. This evidence encompasses common genetic influences, environmental risk factors, childhood antecedents, cognitive abnormalities, neural alterations, and treatment response. The structure of these validators mirrors the structure of the phenotypic externalizing superspectrum, with some correlates more specific to disinhibited or antagonistic spectra, and others relevant to the entire externalizing superspectrum, underlining the hierarchical structure of the domain. Compared with traditional diagnostic categories, the externalizing superspectrum conceptualization shows improved utility, reliability, explanatory capacity, and clinical applicability. The externalizing superspectrum is one aspect of the general approach to psychopathology offered by HiTOP and can make diagnostic classification more useful in both research and the clinic.
The current study set out to investigate latent personality trait domains, from adaptive to maladaptive, by examining how these domains relate to quality of life. Specifically, we were interested in ...if these domains had nonlinear relationships with quality of life. Three samples were utilized in this study all of which were drawn from the U.S. Personality trait domains was measured via the IPIP-NEO (Goldberg et al., 2006) and PID-5 (Krueger et al., 2012), while quality of life was measured with the WHOQOL-BREF (Skevington, Lotfy, & O'Connell, 2004). Data were converted to ordinal measurement by averaging all items from each facet together. Scores were then converted to t-scores by using the mean and standard deviation for each facet in each respective sample. Orthogonal polynomial regression was used up to the cubic term to explore the nature of the relationship between each individual trait domain, as well as four combined domains found by Suzuki et al. (2015) that represent adaptive/maladaptive personality domain continua (i.e. Agreeableness vs Antagonism, Disinhibition vs Conscientiousness, Detachment vs Extraversion, Negative affectivity vs Emotional Stability). Local regression (LOESS) was then utilized to visualize any nonlinear relationships that were found by the orthogonal polynomial regressions. Results indicate that the relationship between the IPIP-Neuroticism, Negative affectivity vs Emotional Stability, IPIP-Extraversion, Detachment vs Extraversion, IPIP-Conscientiousness, and Disinhibition vs Conscientiousness and multiple areas of quality of life seem to be nonlinear. These results indicate that there may be ideal trait levels to maximize quality of life.
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