In this article, we argue that the "science of reading" (SOR) construct is being used to shape the future of literacy teacher preparation and silence the voices and work of literacy teacher education ...researchers to the detriment of quality science, quality teaching, and quality teacher preparation. First, we briefly inspect the SOR movement in terms of its historical roots in experimental psychology. Next, we examine the claims being made by SOR advocates regarding the absence of attention to the SOR literature in teacher preparation programs, and the related claims for the negative consequences that occur when these so-called underprepared teachers enter the workforce. Then, we present literature reviews, drawn from a large and dynamic database of research on literacy teacher preparation (over 600 empirical studies that were published between 1999 and 2018); the studies in the database have been excluded from the SOR. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of equity, agency, and design as a pathway forward in improving literacy teacher preparation.
COVID-19 remains a challenge worldwide, and testing of asymptomatic individuals remains critical to pandemic control measures. Starting March 2020, a total of 7497 hospital employees were tested at ...least weekly for SARS CoV-2; the cumulative incidence of asymptomatic infections was 5.64%. Consistently over a 14-month period half of COVID-19 infections (414 of 820, total) were detected through the asymptomatic screening program, a third of whom never developed any symptoms during follow-up. Prompt detection and isolation of these cases substantially reduced the risk of potential workplace and outside of workplace transmission. COVID-19 vaccinations of the workforce were initiated in December 2020. Twenty-one individuals tested positive after being fully vaccinated (3.9 per 1000 vaccinated). Most (61.9%) remained asymptomatic and in majority (75%) the virus could not be sequenced due to low template RNA levels in swab samples. Further routine testing of vaccinated asymptomatic employees was stopped and will be redeployed if needed; routine testing for those not vaccinated continues. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 testing, as a part of enhanced screening, monitors local dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic and can provide valuable data to assess the ongoing impact of COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 variants, inform risk mitigation, and guide adaptive, operational planning including titration of screening strategies over time, based on infection risk modifiers such as vaccination.
In 2009, the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC, www.cpicpgx.org), a shared project between Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base (PharmGKB, http://www.pharmgkb.org) and the National ...Institutes of Health (NIH), was created to provide freely available, evidence‐based, peer‐reviewed, and updated pharmacogenetic clinical practice guidelines. To date, CPIC has published 23 guidelines (of which 11 have been updated), covering 19 genes and 46 drugs across several therapeutic areas. CPIC also now provides additional resources to facilitate the implementation of pharmacogenetics into routine clinical practice and the electronic health record. Furthermore, since its inception, CPIC's interactions with other resources, databases, websites, and genomic communities have grown. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the progress of CPIC over the past 10 years.
Ultrafast control of current on the atomic scale is essential for future innovations in nanoelectronics. Extremely localized transient electric fields on the nanoscale can be achieved by coupling ...picosecond duration terahertz pulses to metallic nanostructures. Here, we demonstrate terahertz scanning tunnelling microscopy (THz-STM) in ultrahigh vacuum as a new platform for exploring ultrafast non-equilibrium tunnelling dynamics with atomic precision. Extreme terahertz-pulse-driven tunnel currents up to 107 times larger than steady-state currents in conventional STM are used to image individual atoms on a silicon surface with 0.3 nm spatial resolution. At terahertz frequencies, the metallic-like Si(111)-(7 × 7) surface is unable to screen the electric field from the bulk, resulting in a terahertz tunnel conductance that is fundamentally different than that of the steady state. Ultrafast terahertz-induced band bending and non-equilibrium charging of surface states opens new conduction pathways to the bulk, enabling extreme transient tunnel currents to flow between the tip and sample.
Reporting and sharing pharmacogenetic test results across clinical laboratories and electronic health records is a crucial step toward the implementation of clinical pharmacogenetics, but allele ...function and phenotype terms are not standardized. Our goal was to develop terms that can be broadly applied to characterize pharmacogenetic allele function and inferred phenotypes.
Terms currently used by genetic testing laboratories and in the literature were identified. The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) used the Delphi method to obtain a consensus and agree on uniform terms among pharmacogenetic experts.
Experts with diverse involvement in at least one area of pharmacogenetics (clinicians, researchers, genetic testing laboratorians, pharmacogenetics implementers, and clinical informaticians; n = 58) participated. After completion of five surveys, a consensus (>70%) was reached with 90% of experts agreeing to the final sets of pharmacogenetic terms.
The proposed standardized pharmacogenetic terms will improve the understanding and interpretation of pharmacogenetic tests and reduce confusion by maintaining consistent nomenclature. These standard terms can also facilitate pharmacogenetic data sharing across diverse electronic health care record systems with clinical decision support.
Second victim experiences can affect the well-being of healthcare providers and compromise patient safety. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationships between self-reported second ...victim-related distress to turnover intention and absenteeism. Organizational support was examined concurrently because it was hypothesized to explain the potential relationships between distress and work-related outcomes.
A cross-sectional, self-report survey (the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool) of nurses directly involved in patient care (N = 155) was analyzed by using hierarchical linear regression. The tool assesses organizational support, distress due to patient safety event involvement, and work-related outcomes.
Second victim distress was significantly associated with turnover intentions (P < 0.001) and absenteeism (P < 0.001), while controlling for the effects of demographic variables. Organizational support fully mediated the distress-turnover intentions (P < 0.05) and distress-absenteeism (P < 0.05) relationships, which indicates that perceptions of organizational support may explain turnover intentions and absenteeism related to the second victim experience.
Involvement in patient safety events and the important role of organizational support in limiting caregiver event-related trauma have been acknowledged. This study is one of the first to connect second victim distress to work-related outcomes. This study reinforces the efforts health care organizations are making to develop resources to support their staff after patient safety events occur. This study broadens the understanding of the negative effects of a second victim experience and the need to support caregivers as they recover from adverse event involvement.
Although the field of pharmacogenetics has existed for decades, practioners have been slow to implement pharmacogenetic testing in clinical care. Numerous publications describe the barriers to ...clinical implementation of pharmacogenetics. Recently, several freely available resources have been developed to help address these barriers. In this review, we discuss current programs that use preemptive genotyping to optimize the pharmacotherapy of patients. Array-based preemptive testing includes a large number of relevant pharmacogenes that impact multiple high-risk drugs. Using a preemptive approach allows genotyping results to be available prior to any prescribing decision so that genomic variation may be considered as an inherent patient characteristic in the planning of therapy. This review describes the common elements among programs that have implemented preemptive genotyping and highlights key processes for implementation, including clinical decision support.
Walsh et al. provide unique data on harm from outpatient medication errors in children with cancer. The data provide actionable insights to both identify the patients and families that may need ...additional support for outpatient medication administration and design new practices for outpatient medication use in this population with complex medication needs.
Plain language summary
Children with cancer receive many medications outside the hospital administered by their caregivers.
The study by Walsh et al. shows the number and types of medication errors in these patients. The study includes data from three different centers.
Importantly, the study shows the types of errors that cause harm. The authors describe how the harmful errors can be prevented.
We suggest ways these results can be used to identify which patients and families will benefit from additional attention. Providing more help at clinic and in the home may help prevent harmful medication errors in children with cancer.
The author questions the “just right” leveling of student texts as having put limitations on students and teachers in promoting literacy. The historical background for the leveling of text and ...readers is described. The author identifies a number of unintended consequences associated with the use of leveling and guided reading. Alternatives to leveling and guided reading are presented, with a particular focus on work in informational texts in inquiry.
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