Assemblages of drosophilids have been characterised in several environments of the Brazilian territory, like the Atlantic Rain Forest, urban areas, cerrados, the Amazon Forest, and others. The ...present survey is the first attempt to characterise the fauna of Drosophilidae in mangrove forests, an environment typical of tropical coasts worldwide. Twenty-eight samples were collected from the three main mangrove forests of Santa Catarina Island, southern Brazil, using banana-baited traps hung in trees. Samples were taken in January (summer), April (autumn), July (winter) and October (spring) between July 2002 and July 2005. In total, 82,942 specimens of drosophilids were caught, belonging to 69 species of six genera - Amiota Loew, Drosophila Fallén, Leucophenga Mik, Scaptodrosophila Duda, Zaprionus Coquillett and Zygothrica Wiedemann. The high abundance of D. simulans Sturtevant was remarkable, with some notable peaks of D. malerkotliana Parshad & Paika in autumn samples. Other common species were Zaprionus indianus Gupta, D. mediostriata Duda and D. willistoni Sturtevant. We also collected 45,826 flies of family Curtonotidae, the sister-group of Drosophilidae virtually absent in other environments. The assemblages of drosophilids were very similar in the three mangrove forests surveyed, despite the different surrounding environments. In general, the species sampled in the mangroves were the same as those observed in the surrounding environments, but in varying abundances. This suggests that drosophilids are differently affected by environmental pressures operating in mangroves.
Assembléias de drosofilídeos têm sido caracterizadas em vários ambientes no Brasil, como Mata Atlântica, áreas urbanas, cerrados, Floresta Amazônica e outros. Este trabalho é a primeira tentativa em caracterizar a fauna de Drosophilidae nos manguezais, ambiente presente nos litorais tropicais de todo o mundo. Vinte e oito amostras foram coletadas nos três principais manguezais da ilha de Santa Catarina, utilizando-se armadilhas com isca de banana suspensas em árvores. As amostras foram obtidas nos meses de janeiro (verão), abril (outono), julho (inverno) e outubro (primavera), entre julho de 2002 e julho de 2005. O total de 82.942 indivíduos foi coletado, incluindo 69 espécies de seis gêneros - Amiota Loew, Drosophila Fallén, Leucophenga Mik, Scaptodrosophila Duda, Zaprionus Coquillett e Zygothrica Wiedemann. Mostrou-se marcante a alta abundância de D. simulans Sturtevant, com alguns picos pronunciados de D. malerkotliana Parshad & Paika nas amostras de outono. Outras espécies comuns foram Zaprionus indianus Gupta, D. mediostriata Duda e D. willistoni Sturtevant. Também foram coletados 45.826 espécimes da família Curtonotidae, grupo irmão de Drosophilidae, virtualmente ausente em outros ambientes. As assembléias de drosofilídeos mostraram-se bastante homogêneas entre os três manguezais pesquisados, apesar das diferenças nos ambientes que os circundam. Em geral, as espécies encontradas nos manguezais são as mesmas encontradas nos ambientes vizinhos, porém suas abundâncias são bastante modificadas, sugerindo que várias espécies estejam respondendo diferentemente às pressões ambientais em ação nos manguezais, que podem ser mais restritivas para algumas do que para outras.
Endoscopic full-thickness resection (eFTR) is emerging as a minimally invasive alternative to surgery for complex colorectal lesions. Previous studies have demonstrated favorable safety results; ...however, large studies representing a generalizable estimation of adverse events (AEs) are lacking. Our aim was to provide further insight in AEs after eFTR.
Data from all registered eFTR procedures in the German and Dutch colorectal full-thickness resection device registries between July 2015 and March 2021 were collected. Safety outcomes included immediate and late AEs.
Of 1892 procedures, the overall AE rate was 11.3% (213/1892). No AE-related mortality occurred. Perforations occurred in 2.5% (47/1892) of all AEs, 57.4% (27/47) of immediate AEs, and 42.6% (20/47) of delayed AEs. Successful endoscopic closure was achieved in 29.8% of cases (13 immediate and 1 delayed), and antibiotic treatment was sufficient in 4.3% (2 delayed). The appendicitis rate for appendiceal lesions was 9.9% (13/131), and 46.2% (6/13) could be treated conservatively. The severe AE rate requiring surgery was 2.2% (42/1892), including delayed perforations in .9% (17/1892) and immediate perforations in .7% (13/1892). Delayed perforations occurred between days 1 and 10 (median, 2) after eFTR, and 58.8% (10/17) were located on the left side. Other severe AEs were appendicitis (.4%, 7/1892), luminal stenosis (.1%, 2/1892), delayed bleeding (.1%, 1/1892), pain after eFTR close to the dentate line (.1%, 1/1892), and grasper entrapment in the clip (.1%, 1/1892).
Colorectal eFTR is a safe procedure with a low risk for severe AEs in everyday practice and without AE-related mortality. These results further support the position of eFTR as an established minimally invasive technique for complex colorectal lesions.
Chlorarachniophytes are amoeboid algae with unusual chloroplasts. Instead of the usual two membranes that surround the chloroplasts of plants, green algae, and red algae, the chloroplasts of ...chlorarachniophytes have four bounding membranes. The extra membranes may reflect an unusual origin of chlorarachniophyte chloroplasts. Rather than inheriting the organelle directly from their ancestors, chlorarachniophytes may have adopted the chloroplast of an algal cell ingested as prey. Parts of the algal cell are postulated to remain within the amoeba as a reduced eukaryotic endosymbiont Hibberd, D. J. and Norris, R. E. (1984) J. Phycol. 20, 310-330. A small nudeus-like structure, proposed to be a vestige of the endosymbiont's nucleus, is located in a space between the second and third chloroplast membranes. We cloned and sequenced nuclear-type rRNA genes from chlorarachniophytes and found two highly divergent genes. In situ hybridization shows that one gene is expressed by the amoebal (host) nucleus and the other is expressed by the putative endosymbiont nucleus, suggesting that the latter is indeed a foreign genome. Transcripts from the endosymbiont gene accumulate in the small cytoplasmic compartment between the second and third chloroplast membranes, which we believe to be the remnant cytoplasm of the endosymbiont. Using the endosymbiont gene as a probe, we identified three small chromosomes belonging to the endosymbiont nucleus. This knowledge should allow a detailed molecular analysis of the role of the endosymbiont's genome and cytoplasm in the partnership
Background:
Prenatal deficit of androgens or androgen action results in atypical genitalia in individuals with XY disorders of sex development (XY,DSD). XY,DSD include mainly disorders of gonadal ...development and testosterone synthesis and action. Previously, most XY,DSD individuals were assigned to the female sex. Constructive genital surgery allowing heterosexual intercourse, gonadectomy, and hormone therapy for feminization were often performed. However, outcome studies are scarce.
Objective:
Our objective was evaluation of satisfaction with genital surgery and sexual life in adults with XY,DSD.
Design and Methods:
We evaluated 57 individuals with XY,DSD from the German multicenter clinical evaluation study with a condition-specific questionnaire. The individuals were divided into subgroups reflecting the absence/presence of partial androgen effect or genital constructive surgery.
Results:
Dissatisfaction with function of the surgical result (47.1%) and clitoral arousal (47.4%) was high in XY,DSD partially androgenized females after feminization surgery. Dissatisfaction with overall sex life (37.5%) and sexual anxieties (44.2%) were substantial in all XY,DSD individuals. Problems with desire (70.6%), arousal (52.9%), and dyspareunia (56.3%) were significant in XY,DSD complete females. 46,XY partially androgenized females reported significantly more often partners of female (9.1%) or both sexes (18.2%) and dyspareunia (56.5%) compared with controls. Individuals with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome stated significant problems with desire (81.8%), arousal (63.6%), and dyspareunia (70%).
Conclusions:
Care should be improved in XY,DSD patients. Constructive genital surgery should be minimized and performed mainly in adolescence or adulthood with the patients' consent. Individuals with DSD and their families should be informed with sensibility about the condition. Multidisciplinary care with psychological and nonprofessional support (parents, peers, and patients' support groups) is mandatory from child to adulthood.
Members of three classes of pyridinylimidazoles bind with varying affinities to CSBP (p38) kinase which is a member of a stress-induced signal transduction pathway. Based upon SAR and protein ...homology modeling, the pharmacophore and three potential modes of binding to the enzyme are presented. For a subset of pyridinylimidazoles, binding is shown to correlate with inhibition of CSBP kinase activity, whereas no significant inhibition of PKA, PKCα and ERK kinase activity is observed.
Members of the three classes of pyridinylimidazoles are shown to bind to CSBP (p38). A subset of these compounds is evaluated for CSBP, ERK, PKA and PKCα activity. A pharmacophore and potential modes of binding for the pyridinylimidazoles to CSBP are presented. Display omitted
In patients with heart failure, β-blockade has improved morbidity and left-ventricular function, but the impact on survival is uncertain. We investigated the efficacy of bisoprolol, a β, selective ...adrenoceptor blocker in decreasing all-cause mortality in chronic heart failure.
In a multicentre double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial in Europe, we enrolled 2647 symptomatic patients in New York Heart Association class III or IV, with left-ventricular ejection fraction of 35% or less receiving standard therapy with diuretics and inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme. We randomly assigned patients bisoprolol 1·25 mg (n=1327) or placebo (n=1320) daily, the drug being progressively increased to a maximum of 10 mg per day. Patients were followed up for a mean of 1·3 years. Analysis was by intention to treat.
CIBIS-II was stopped early, after the second interim analysis, because bisoprolol showed a significant mortality benefit. All-cause mortality was significantly lower with bisoprolol than on placebo (156 11·8%
vs 228 17·3% deaths with a hazard ratio of 0·66 (95% CI 0·54–0·81, p<0·0001). There were significantly fewer sudden deaths among patients on bisoprolol than in those on placebo (48 3·6%
vs 83 6·3% deaths), with a hazard ratio of 0·56 (0·39–0·80, p=0·0011). Treatment effects were independent of the severity or cause of heart failure.
β-blocker therapy had benefits for survival in stable heart-failure patients. Results should not, however, be extrapolated to patients with severe class IV symptoms and recent instability because safety and efficacy has not been established in these patients.
Background & Aims: Dihydroxy bile acids induce a bicarbonate-rich hypercholeresis when secreted into canalicular bile in unconjugated form; the mechanism is cholehepatic shunting. The aim of this ...study was to identify a xenobiotic that induces hypercholeresis by a similar mechanism.
Methods: Five organic acids (sulindac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, and norfloxacin) were infused into rats with biliary fistulas. Biliary recovery, bile flow, and biliary bicarbonate were analyzed. Sulindac transport was further characterized using Tr
− rats (deficient in
mrp2, a canalicular transporter for organic anions), the isolated perfused rat liver, and hepatocyte membrane fractions.
Results: In biliary fistula rats, sulindac was recovered in bile in unconjugated form and induced hypercholeresis of canalicular origin. Other compounds underwent glucuronidation and were not hypercholeretic. In the isolated liver, sulindac had delayed biliary recovery and induced prolonged choleresis, consistent with a cholehepatic circulation. Sulindac was secreted normally in Tr
− rats, indicating that its canalicular transport did not require
mrp2. In the perfused liver, sulindac inhibited cholyltaurine uptake, and when coinfused with cholyltaurine, induced acute cholestasis. With both basolateral and canalicular membrane fractions, sulindac inhibited cholyltaurine transport competitively.
Conclusions: Sulindac is secreted into bile in unconjugated form by a canalicular bile acid transporter and is absorbed by cholangiocytes, inducing hypercholeresis. At high flux rates, sulindac competitively inhibits canalicular bile salt transport; such inhibition may contribute to the propensity of sulindac to induce cholestasis in patients.
GASTROENTEROLOGY 1999;117:962-971
Changes in Brazilian Drosophilidae (Diptera) assemblages across an urbanisation gradient Gottschalk, Marco S.(Univ. Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Depto. Genética Lab. de Drosophila); De Toni, Daniela C.(Univ. Federal de Santa Catarina Depto. Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética Lab. de Drosofilídeos); Valente, Vera L.S.(Univ. Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Depto. Genética Lab. de Drosophila,Univ. Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal) ...
Neotropical entomology,
11/2007, Letnik:
36, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The present study aims to characterise the assemblages of Drosophilidae sampled from four sites subject to different levels of urbanisation, in the city of Florianópolis, South Brazil. Five samples ...were collected between August 2000 and August 2001 and five between August 2002 and August 2003 in each site. A gradual change in the dominant species was observed in the urbanisation gradient, with an increase in relative abundance of exotic species in urban areas. Among the native species, the relative abundance of Drosophila capricorni Dobzhansky & Pavan had an expressive decrease. In the other hand the richness in the low urbanisation site increased, probably due to the presence of urban gardens. The diversity index did not vary significantly among sites, but its correlation with evenness and richness changed.
O presente estudo objetiva caracterizar as assembléias de Drosophilidae amostradas em quatro pontos sujeitos a diferentes níveis de urbanização, na cidade de Florianópolis, Sul do Brasil. Foram realizadas cinco amostragens entre agosto/2000 e agosto/2001 e cinco entre agosto/2002 e agosto/2003 em cada ponto. Uma mudança gradual nas espécies dominantes foi observada no gradiente de urbanização, com acréscimo na abundância relativa das espécies exóticas nas áreas urbanas. Entre as espécies nativas, houve um decréscimo expressivo na abundância relativa de Drosophila capricorni Dobzhansky & Pavan. Por outro lado, a riqueza no ponto de baixa urbanização aumentou, provavelmente devido à presença de áreas verdes na cidade. O índice de diversidade não variou significativamente entre os pontos, mas sua correlação com a eqüitabilidade e a riqueza se alterou.
Recent experiments have shown that proximity with high-temperature superconductors induces unconventional superconducting correlations in graphene. Here we demonstrate that those correlations ...propagate hundreds of nanometer, allowing for the unique observation of d-wave Andreev pair interferences in YBa2Cu3O7-graphene devices that behave as a Fabry-Pérot cavity. The interferences show as a series of pronounced conductance oscillations analogous to those originally predicted by de Gennes-Saint-James for conventional metal-superconductor junctions. The present work is pivotal to the study of exotic directional effects expected for nodal superconductivity in Dirac materials. The superconducting proximity effect in graphene has attracted much interest since the pioneering experiments 1. This roots down to the graphene's electronic structure, which strongly affects the underlying mechanisms: Andreev reflection and coherent propagation of electron-hole pairs 2. A distinctive feature is the strong dependence of the proximity behavior on the graphene?s doping level, which dramatically changes the Andreev reflection 3, 4 as compared to metals. Other unique features include gate 5 or magnetic-field 6, 7 driven transitions from bulk to edge transport. Studies on graphene have also paved the way for understanding the proximity effect in other Dirac materials, such as topological insulators 8-11. Experiments have mostly focused on conventional low critical temperature (T C) superconductors with s-wave pairing. Despite early theoretical studies showing that d-wave (high-T C) superconductors should lead to novel directional effects 12, 13 and exotic pairing 14, 15, evidence for unconventional superconductivity in graphene has been found only recently 16, 17. Scanning electron tunneling microscopy (STM) of graphene on Pr 2−x Ce x CuO 4 (PCCO) revealed a superconduct-ing gap 16 and spectral features suggesting (p-wave) superconductivity induced in graphene. Experiments on YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 (YBCO) and chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) graphene devices by some of us 17 showed trans-FIG. 1. Interferences in a proximitized cavity (a) An electron Andreev-reflected at the SC/cavity interface propagates as a hole back to the other end, where it is normal-reflected towards the SC/cavity interface to undergo again Andreev-reflection (AR). The lower AR is the time reversal process of the upper one. (b) The electron can also be normal-reflected at the SC/cavity, travel back to the other cavity interface to be again normal-reflected. This process results in Fabry-Pérot resonances. parent superconductor-graphene interfaces and clear evidence of Andreev reflection. Interestingly, we also found that the Andreev electron-holes pair transmission can be modulated by a back-gate voltage, through a mechanism analogous to the Klein tunneling 18. However, neither the STM experiments nor ours on solid-state devices probed the length scale over which the unconventional correlations penetrate into graphene. Here we demonstrate the long-range propagation of arXiv:2002.10173v2 cond-mat.supr-con 8 Sep 2020
We report here the cloning and characterization of human and mouse cyclin E2, which define a new subfamily within the vertebrate E-type cyclins, while all previously identified family-members belong ...to the cyclin El subfamily. Cyclin E2/CKD2 and cyclin E/CDK2 complexes phosphorylate histone H1 in vitro with similar specific activities and both are inhibited by p27Kip1. Cyclin E2 mRNA levels in human cells oscillate throughout the cell cycle and peak at the G1/S boundary, in parallel with the cyclin E mRNA. In cells, cyclin E2 is complexed with CDK2, p27 and p21. Like cyclin E, cyclin E2 is an unstable protein in vivo and is stabilized by proteasome inhibitors. Cyclin E2-associated kinase activity rises in late G1 and peaks very close to cyclin E activity. In two malignantly transformed cell lines, cyclin E2 activity is sustained throughout S phase, while cyclin E activity has already declined and cyclin A activity is only beginning to rise. We speculate that cyclin E2 is not simply redundant with cyclin E, but may regulate distinct rate-limiting pathway(s) in G1-S control.
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