Neural networks trained on datasets such as ImageNet have led to major advances in visual object classification. One obstacle that prevents networks from reasoning more deeply about complex scenes ...and situations, and from integrating visual knowledge with natural language, like humans do, is their lack of common sense knowledge about the physical world. Videos, unlike still images, contain a wealth of detailed information about the physical world. However, most labelled video datasets represent high-level concepts rather than detailed physical aspects about actions and scenes. In this work, we describe our ongoing collection of the "something-something" database of video prediction tasks whose solutions require a common sense understanding of the depicted situation. The database currently contains more than 100,000 videos across 174 classes, which are defined as caption-templates. We also describe the challenges in crowd-sourcing this data at scale.
In engineering applications almost all processes are described with the help of models. Especially forming machines heavily rely on mathematical models for control and condition monitoring. ...Inaccuracies during the modeling, manufacturing and assembly of these machines induce model uncertainty which impairs the controller’s performance. In this paper we propose an approach to identify model uncertainty using parameter identification, optimal design of experiments and hypothesis testing. The experimental setup is characterized by optimal sensor positions such that specific model parameters can be determined with minimal variance. This allows for the computation of confidence regions in which the real parameters or the parameter estimates from different test sets have to lie. We claim that inconsistencies in the estimated parameter values, considering their approximated confidence ellipsoids as well, cannot be explained by data uncertainty but are indicators of model uncertainty. The proposed method is demonstrated using a component of the 3D Servo Press, a multi-technology forming machine that combines spindles with eccentric servo drives.
•Fist study analysing tissue, brushes and sputum for all patients also for viral mRNA.•HPV detection performed in brushes/sputum inconsistently reflect tissue HPV status.•In terms of virus activity, ...p16 seems insufficient to predict tissue HPV status.•E6-mRNA analysis detects active HPV infection in non-neoplastic tonsillar tissues.•Data gives rise to the question whether tonsillectomy might prevent TSCC.
Previous studies describe a correlation between HPV-positivity and non-smoking in TSCC; p16INK4A-expression as surrogate-marker for HPV-DNA/RNA-positivity is discussed controversially. In the present study, these parameters are assessed prospectively. HPV-status of sputum and tonsillar-swabs was analyzed to determine their validity as surrogate-marker for tissue-HPV-status.
TSCC- (n = 52) and non-neoplastic tonsillar tissue (n = 163) were analyzed. HPV-DNA- and HPV-RNA-status of total sputum, cellular fraction and supernatants, tonsillar-swabs and -tissue was determined by (RT)-PCR. Immunohistochemistry determined p16INK4A-expression.
23/163 (14.2%) non-neoplastic tonsils were HPV-DNA-positive; five patients (3 HPV16, 2 HPV11) had active HPV-infections (HPV-RNA-positive), in all biomaterials. 140/163 (85.9%) patients were either HPV-DNA-positive or HPV-DNA-negative in all samples. 21/52 (40.4%) TSCC-tonsils were HPV-DNA-positive; 17 patients were HPV-RNA-positive (14 HPV16; 4 HPV18). 40/52 (76.9%) TSCC-patients were congruent in all biomaterials. p16INK4A-expression alone would have misclassified the HPV-status of 14/52 (26.2%) TSCC-patients.
This prospective study confirms the discrepancy between HPV-status and p16INK4A-expression and the significant correlation between non-smoking and HPV-DNA-positivity. HPV-sputum- and/or swab-results do not consistently match tissue-results, possibly having (detrimental) consequences if those were used to assess tissue-HPV-status. In the 5 patients with active HPV infection in the non-neoplasitic tonsils, tonsillectomy likely prevented subsequent development of TSCC.
To study objective or subjective preoperative factors predicting improvement in listening capabilities and patient satisfaction after stapes surgery in otosclerosis.
Prospective, multicenter study.
...Two tertiary referral centers.
Fifty-four consecutive adult patients with otosclerosis.
Stapedotomy, stapedectomy.
Pure tone and speech audiometry and questionnaires were assessed preoperatively and repeated 6 months postoperatively. The questionnaires consisted of a visual analogue scale (VAS, 0-10) to score the overall quality of life, and the Operation Benefit Profile to assess the listening capability in various circumstances. Stereophony, defined by the Belfast rule of thumb, was used to divide the patients in 3 categories having unilateral, symmetric bilateral, or asymmetric bilateral hearing loss.
Six patients were considered early failures of surgery, and 8 patients were lost to follow-up. In the remaining 40 patients (43 ears), all audiometric parameters improved significantly. The postoperative air-bone gap was less than 10 dB in 70%. The postoperative average air conduction threshold was less than 30 dB in 49%. The postoperative quality of life was excellent (VAS, ≥9) in 45% and did not correlate with any preoperative parameter. Preoperative and postoperative overall listening capabilities correlated slightly (Spearman r, 0.47). The postoperative VAS correlated with all postoperative audiometric parameters and the Operation Benefit Profile.
Uncomplicated stapes surgery itself is the only predictor of improvement in listening capabilities and patient satisfaction 6 months after stapes surgery in otosclerosis.
Products of forming processes are subject to quality fluctuations due to uncertainty in semi-finished part properties as well as process conditions and environment. An approach to cope with these ...uncertainties is the implementation of a closed-loop control taking into account the actual product properties measured by sensors or estimated by a mathematical process model. Both methods of uncertainty control trade off with a financial effort. In case of sensor integration the effort is the cost of the sensor including signal processing as well as the design and manufacturing effort for integration. In case of an estimation model the effort is mainly determined by the time and knowledge needed to derive the model, identify the parameters and implement the model into the PLC. The risk of mismatch between model and reality as well as the risk of wrong parameter identification can be assumed as additional uncertainty (model uncertainty). This paper evaluates controlled and additional uncertainty by taking into account process boundary conditions like the degree of fluctuations in semi-finished part properties. The proposed evaluation is demonstrated by the analysis of exemplary processes.
The accuracy of metal-formed products is strongly affected by the stiffness of the machine used. Therefore, huge efforts to increase moments of inertia and reduce backlash were made in conventional ...press design. Multipoint servo presses allow for an alternative approach: increasing the position accuracy with respect to the press stroke direction and the ram tilting by controlling deflections. Necessary models and parameters as well as the effectiveness of such a control are discussed in this paper. The proposed method is validated by experiments using a 3D servo press.
Robotic manipulators are known for their numerous degrees of freedom with which they can manipulate objects in task space. With the help of model-based control concepts, it is possible to precisely ...closed-loop control their pose, thus meeting high positioning accuracy requirements. As a result, they are ideally suited for carrying out flexible activities in manufacturing processes in which freely programmable tool paths are required, such as pick and place, welding or assembly tasks. If high forces have to be applied in manufacturing processes, as is the case in bulk forming processes, robots can no longer be used due to low stiffness and moderate force provision. The development of flexible forming machines with several degrees of freedom overcomes this problem. Machine tools such as the 3D Servo Press have three ram degrees of freedom and can provide forces of up to 1600 kN, but require highly accurate position control in task space. For this reason, this paper shows how control concepts from robotics can be applied to machine tools with high stiffness, high provided forces and multiple degrees of freedom. The functionality of the control is validated using the example of upsetting tests in which off-center forces are applied to the ram and the control counteracts tilting of the ram.
Temperature‐controlled radiofrequency reduction (TCRF) of the tongue base has been developed as an alternative option for the treatment of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The ...technique is propagated as an easy and safe surgical method. The case of a 34‐year‐old male patient with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome who underwent TCRF is reported. Fourteen days after surgery was performed, heavy bleeding at the base of the tongue occurred. Computed tomography and digital subtraction angiography imaging revealed a pseudoaneurysm of the lingual artery, which was treated endovascularly by detachable and free platinum coils during the same session. The article reports the first case of pseudoaneurysm under TCRF of the tongue base and discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic procedure to handle and avoid life‐threatening complications under this method of treatment.
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