This meta‐analysis quantified the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) preceded by body weight (BW) gain in the general population. Systematic literature searches retrieved 15 eligible studies. ...The BW gain was divided into early weight‐gain, which was defined as BW gain from early adulthood (18–24 years of age) to cohort entry (≥25 years of age), and late weight‐gain, which was defined as BW gain from cohort entry. The pooled relative risk (RR; 95% confidence interval CI) of T2DM for an increment of BW gain standardized into a 5‐kg m⁻² increment in the body mass index (BMI) was 3.07 (2.49–2.79) for early weight‐gain and 2.12 (1.74–2.58) for late weight‐gain. When limiting analysis to studies that concurrently examined T2DM risk for current BMI (defined in both groups as BMI at cohort entry), a larger magnitude of T2DM risk was revealed for early weight‐gain compared with current BMI (RR 95% CI, 3.38 2.20–5.18 vs. 2.39 1.58–3.62), while there was little difference between late weight‐gain (RR 95% CI, 2.21 1.91–2.56) and current BMI (RR 95% CI, 2.47 1.97–3.30). The meta‐analysis suggested that BW gain was a quantifiable predictor of T2DM, as well as current obesity in adults. Particularly, BW gain in early rather than middle‐to‐late adulthood played an important role in developing T2DM.
Summary
Background
Bariatric surgery leads to a higher remission rate for type 2 diabetes mellitus than non‐surgical treatment. However, it remains unsolved which surgical procedure is the most ...efficacious. This network meta‐analysis aimed to rank surgical procedures in terms of diabetes remission.
Methods and findings
We electronically searched for randomized controlled trials in which at least one surgical treatment was included among multiple arms and the diabetes remission rate was included in study outcomes. A random‐effects network meta‐analysis was performed within a frequentist framework. The hierarchy of treatments was expressed as the surface under the cumulative ranking curve value. Results of the analysis of 25 eligible randomized controlled trials that covered non‐surgical treatments and eight surgical procedures (biliopancreatic diversion BPD, BPD with duodenal switch, Roux‐en Y gastric bypass, mini gastric bypass mini‐GBP, laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, greater curvature plication and duodenal‐jejunal bypass) showed that BPD and mini‐GBP had the highest surface under the cumulative ranking curve values among the eight surgical treatments.
Conclusion
Current network meta‐analysis indicated that BPD or mini‐GBP achieved higher diabetes remission rates than the other procedures. However, the result needs to be interpreted with caution considering that these procedures were in the minority of bariatric surgeries.
Web-based treatment programs are attractive in primary care because of their ability to reach numerous individuals at low cost. Our aim of this meta-analysis is to systematically review the weight ...loss or maintenance effect of the Internet component in obesity treatment programs.
MEDLINE and EMBASE literature searches were conducted to identify studies investigating the effect of Web-based individualized advice on lifestyle modification on weight loss. Randomized controlled trials that consisted of a Web-user experimental and non-Web user control group were included. Weight changes in the experimental group in comparison with the control group were pooled with a random-effects model.
A total of 23 studies comprising 8697 participants were included. Overall, using the Internet had a modest but significant additional weight-loss effect compared with non-Web user control groups (-0.68 kg, P=0.03). In comparison with the control group, stratified analysis indicated that using the Internet as an adjunct to obesity care was effective (-1.00 kg, P<0.001), but that using it as a substitute for face-to-face support was unfavorable (+1.27 kg, P=0.01). An additional effect on weight control was observed when the aim of using the Internet was initial weight loss (-1.01 kg; P=0.03), but was not observed when the aim was weight maintenance (+0.68 kg; P=0.26). The relative effect was diminished with longer educational periods (P-trend=0.04) and was insignificant (-0.20 kg; P=0.75) in studies with educational periods of 12 months or more.
The current meta-analysis indicates that the Internet component in obesity treatment programs has a modest effect on weight control. However, the effect was inconsistent, largely depending on the type of usage of the Internet or the period of its use.
The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the association of waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) with risk of incident diabetes with the associations of 3 other conventional obesity indicators (body mass ...index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) with risk of incident diabetes. Literature searches in MEDLINE (January 1950 to April 27, 2011) and EMBASE (January 1974 to April 27, 2011) were conducted for prospective studies that made it possible to estimate the relative risk of diabetes per 1-standard deviation increase in WHtR, in addition to the RR of BMI, WC, or WHR. Strength of the estimated pooled relative risk for a 1-standard deviation increase of each indicator (expressed as RR(WHtR), RR(BMI), RR(WC), and RR(WHR)) was compared with a bivariate random-effects model. Pooled relative risks of the 15 eligible studies with 6,472 diabetes cases were 1.62 (95% CI: 1.48, 1.78) for RR(WHtR), 1.55 (95% CI: 1.43, 1.69) for RR(BMI), 1.63 (95% CI: 1.49, 1.79) for RR(WC), and 1.52 (95% CI: 1.40, 1.66) for RR(WHR). WHtR had an association stronger than that of BMI (P<0.001) or WHR (P<0.001). The present meta-analysis showed that WHtR has a modestly but statistically greater importance than BMI and WHR in prediction of diabetes. Nevertheless, measuring height in addition to WC appeared to have no additional benefit.
Background
: In the adiponectin gene polymorphisms, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)−45 and SNP276 have reportedly been associated with obesity, Type 2 diabetes, and other features of metabolic ...syndrome.
Aim
: Whether these adiponectin SNP affect obesity-related parameters during caloric restriction in obese subjects.
Subjects and methods
: Thirty-two obese Japanese women were treated by meal replacement with a low calorie diet for 8 weeks and asked to maintain their habitual lifestyle. Obesity-related parameters were measured before and after the treatment period. We determined four SNP (T45G, I164T, G276T, and C-11377G) using a fluorescent allele-specific DNA primer assay system and FRET probe assay system.
Results
: After the treatment, the extent of decrease in waist circumference was greater in the subjects with the G/G or G/T genotype of SNP276 than in those with the T/T genotype (
p
=0.026). As for SNP45, the extent of decrease in triglyceride levels was greater in the subjects with the T/T genotype than in those with the T/G genotype (
p
=0.003). For SNP-11377, the extent of decrease in systolic blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose was greater in the subjects with the C/G or G/G genotype than in those with the C/C genotype (
p
=0.044).
Conclusion
: Our findings indicate that each SNP in the adiponectin gene might modify the change in obesity-related parameters during meal replacement with a low calorie diet.
An epicutaneous application of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) to a mouse ear caused a transient skin swelling, and the repetition of the challenge enlarged the contact dermatitis. The repeated ...challenge with DNFB also induced eosinophil infiltration on the application site. Administration of a chymase inhibitor significantly inhibited the ear swelling as well as eosinophil accumulation. An intradermal injection of human chymase to the mouse ear also elicited transient skin swelling and eosinophil infiltration, both of which were augmented in proportion to the number of injections. Human serum albumin and heat-inactivated chymase failed to induce such skin reactions, suggesting the participation of proteolytic activity of the enzyme. In addition, chymase stimulated eosinophil migration in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, these observations suggest that mast cell chymase may contribute to development of the DNFB-induced dermatitis, probably by promoting eosinophil infiltration. It is therefore possible that chymase plays a role in pathogenesis of chronic dermatitis such as atopic dermatitis.
Intradermal injection of human chymase (EC 3.4.21.39) into the mouse ear elicited an edematous skin reaction in a biphasic manner, with a transient reaction peaking at 1
hr, followed by a delayed ...response persisting for at least 24
hr. The kinetics of this reaction was analogous to the biphasic skin reaction induced by ascaris extract in actively sensitized mice. A similarity between the two dermatitis models was also shown by histological analysis, i.e. accumulation of inflammatory cells was observed exclusively in the later phases of the skin reaction. A chymase inhibitor, SUN-C8077 3-(3-aminophenylsulfonyl)-7-chloroquinazorine 2,4(1
H, 3
H)-dione, significantly inhibited both the early- and late-phase responses of the skin reaction induced by ascaris extract. These findings suggest that chymase may play an important role in the allergen-induced biphasic skin reaction. A histamine receptor antagonist, homochlorcyclizine, inhibited the early-phase but not the late-phase of the chymase-induced skin reaction. In addition, human chymase showed chemotactic activity to human polymorphonuclear leukocytes
in vitro. Mast cell chymase may participate in the two phases of allergic skin inflammation by two distinct mechanisms, i.e. histamine- and leukocyte-dependent mechanisms, respectively.
Chymase inhibitor reduced the increase in the number of dermal mast cells in 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced dermatitis in a dose-dependent manner. Intradermal injection of human chymase to mouse ...ear significantly increased histamine content, the marker for mast cell number in the skin. These results suggest that chymase released by mast cells may participate in local mast cell accumulation in a positive feedback fashion. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the intradermal injection of chymase reduces expression of stem cell factor (SCF) on surface of the skin keratinocytes. In addition, incubation of human keratinocytes with chymase in vitro resulted in release of SCF into the culture medium. Since soluble SCF is thought to regulate mast cell number, the chymase-induced mast cell accumulation may occur via the ability of chymase to process membrane-bound SCF on the epidermal keratinocytes.
The present study was designed to verify the effect of L-carnitine intake on postprandial hunger feeling in young healthy females. With double-blind, crossover design (1 wk washout), 12 females ...(21.3+-0.3 y) consumed a placebo or L-carnitine containing (300 mg per meal) formula diet as breakfast after overnight fasting. Satiety scores (visual analog scales; VASs), salivary cortisol, serum carnitine concentrations, blood glucose, and autonomic nervous system activity by means of heart rate variability power spectral analysis were measured before and after feeding for 6 h at intervals. Our data suggest that hunger feeling tended to be reduced by L-carnitine intake, involving the level of serum total-carnitine concentrations. Moreover, lower level of salivary cortisol concentrations was shown after L-carnitine containing meal (at 30 min and 2 h), however, the link between the salivary cortisol level and the reduction of hunger feeling was not fully understood.
Bidirectional interactions between astrocytes and neurons have physiological roles in the central nervous system and an altered state or dysfunction of such interactions may be associated with ...neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Astrocytes exert structural, metabolic and functional effects on neurons, which can be either neurotoxic or neuroprotective. Their neurotoxic effect is mediated via the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) involving pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6), while their neuroprotective effect is attributed to neurotrophic growth factors (e.g., NGF). We here demonstrate that the p53 isoforms Δ133p53 and p53β are expressed in astrocytes and regulate their toxic and protective effects on neurons. Primary human astrocytes undergoing cellular senescence upon serial passaging in vitro showed diminished expression of Δ133p53 and increased p53β, which were attributed to the autophagic degradation and the SRSF3-mediated alternative RNA splicing, respectively. Early-passage astrocytes with Δ133p53 knockdown or p53β overexpression were induced to show SASP and to exert neurotoxicity in co-culture with neurons. Restored expression of Δ133p53 in near-senescent, otherwise neurotoxic astrocytes conferred them with neuroprotective activity through repression of SASP and induction of neurotrophic growth factors. Brain tissues from AD and ALS patients possessed increased numbers of senescent astrocytes and, like senescent astrocytes in vitro, showed decreased Δ133p53 and increased p53β expression, supporting that our in vitro findings recapitulate in vivo pathology of these neurodegenerative diseases. Our finding that Δ133p53 enhances the neuroprotective function of aged and senescent astrocytes suggests that the p53 isoforms and their regulatory mechanisms are potential targets for therapeutic intervention in neurodegenerative diseases.
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