Owing to the unique physical and chemical properties of 2D materials and the great success of graphene in various applications, the scientific community has been influenced to explore a new class of ...graphene-like 2D materials for next-generation technological applications. Consequently, many alternative layered and non-layered 2D materials, including h-BN, TMDs, and MXenes, have been synthesized recently for applications related to the 4th industrial revolution. In this review, recent progress in state-of-the-art research on 2D materials, including their synthesis routes, characterization and application-oriented properties, has been highlighted. The evolving applications of 2D materials in the areas of electronics, optoelectronics, spintronic devices, sensors, high-performance and transparent electrodes, energy conversion and storage, electromagnetic interference shielding, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and nanocomposites are discussed. In particular, the state-of-the-art applications, challenges, and outlook of every class of 2D material are also presented as concluding remarks to guide this fast-progressing class of 2D materials beyond graphene for scientific research into next-generation materials.
The exploration of the unique physiochemical properties of 2D materials, led by graphene in numerous aspects, the scientific community has been intrigued in excavating a new class of graphene-like 2D materials for next-generation technology.
Nano-crystalline Zinc sulfide (ZnS) thin films were deposited on glass substrates by spin coating method using thiol-amine co-solvent through Triton X-100 (TX-100) surfactant. The structural, ...morphological, and optical properties of the deposited ZnS films for with and without TX-100 surfactant was investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and optical transmission spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction results showed that hexagonal phase with (008) plane. The highest peak intensity was found from the surfactant-mediated film which originated at 2θ value of ~29.30°. The crystalline size increased but the dislocation density and lattice parameters are decreased for with surfactant than without surfactant. The SEM results showed surfactant mediated film offered a smoother and uniform surface with fewer crack than without surfactant film. The optical transmittance was found 62–70% and 80–86% in the visible region without and with surfactant respectively. At the same time, the band gap energy was found 3.71 eV and 3.80 eV for without and with surfactant correspondingly. All the results showed that the high-quality ZnS film using TX-100 surfactant may be used as buffer layer for TFSCs.
Graphical Abstract
Highlights
ZnS thin films have been deposited on glass substrate by spin coating method.
Structural, morphological, and optical properties of the films have been investigated.
XRD results have shown a hexagonal phase with (008) plane.
SEM results have shown surfactant mediated films with smoother and uniform surface.
Transmittance has improved from 65 to 85% in the visible range.
Schiff base ligand 3-(2-hydroxyphenylimino)-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one was synthesized by the condensation reaction of isatin with 2-aminophenol. The Schiff base and its metal complexes with Co(II), ...Ni(II), and Cu(II) and ions were permeated by
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H NMR, IR, elemental analysis, ESI-MS spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy, and some physicochemical measurements. The Schiff base behaved as a tridentate ligand in all metal complexes and was linked by azomethine nitrogen (=C=N). Supported by analytical data the metal-ligand stoichiometry in the formation of complexes was found as 1 : 2 molecular ratio. Based on analytical data allied with spectroscopic studies spilled that the Cu(II) complex preferred tetrahedral geometry, while Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes offered square planar and octahedral geometry, respectively. The complexes were undergone thermal analysis (TGA and DTG); complexes were found thermally stable up to 200°C. All the stable assembled compounds were assessed for antibacterial competency. The ligand and the complexes were played mild to sturdy antibacterial activity against numerous pathogenic bacterial species, although growth inhibitory activities of complexes were enhanced comparatively than their respective ligands. Additionally, molecular docking analysis and quantum computational calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) approach were used to study the molecular characteristics of the novel complexes and provide in-depth insights into their involvement in their ability to restrict bacterial growth.
Most antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) act by killing bacterial cells. However, there is little information regarding the required interaction time between AMPs and bacterial cells to exert the ...bactericidal activity. One of the causes of the bactericidal activity is considered to be cell membrane damage, although little direct evidence is available. Here, we investigated the relationship between AMP-induced cell membrane damage in Escherichia coli and AMP-induced cell death at the single-cell level. Magainin 2, lactoferricin B, and PGLa were selected as the AMPs. First, we examined the interaction time (t) of AMPs with cells required to induce cell death using the single-cell analysis. The fraction of microcolonies containing only a single cell, Psingle (t), which indicates the fraction of dead cells, increased with time to reach ∼1 in a short time (≤5 min). Then, we examined the interaction between AMPs and single cells using confocal laser scanning microscopy in the presence of membrane-impermeable SYTOX green. Within a short time interaction, the fluorescence intensity of the cells due to SYTOX green increased, indicating that AMPs induced cell membrane damage through which the dye entered the cytoplasm. The fraction of cells in which SYTOX green entered the cytoplasm among all examined cells after the interaction time (t), Pentry (t), increased with time, reaching ∼1 in a short time (≤5 min). The values of Psingle (t) and Pentry (t) were similar at t ≥ 3 min for all AMPs. The bindings of AMPs to cells were largely reversible, whereas the AMP-induced cell membrane damages were largely irreversible because SYTOX green entered the cells after dilution of AMP concentration. Based on these results, we conclude that the rapid, substantial membrane permeabilization of cytoplasmic contents after a short interaction time with AMPs and the residual damage after dilution induce cell death.
•First report of two gene targeted PCR assay for beef and buffalo differentiation.•All targets (two for each of buffalo and beef) were between 90 and 138bp.•Detection limit was 0.01ng DNA in pure ...state and 1% meat in mixed matrices.
Replacement of beef by buffalo and vice versa is frequent in global markets, but their authentication is challenging in processed foods due to the fragmentation of most biomarkers including DNA. The shortening of target sequences through use of two target sites might ameliorate assay reliability because it is highly unlikely that both targets will be lost during food processing. For the first time, we report a tetraplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting two different DNA regions in beef (106 and 120-bp) and buffalo (90 and 138-bp) mitochondrial genes to discriminate beef and buffalo in processed foods. All targets were stable under boiling, autoclaving and microwave cooking conditions. A survey in Malaysian markets revealed 71% beef curries contained buffalo but there was no buffalo in beef burgers. The assay detected down to 0.01ng DNA and 1% meat in admixed and burger products.
Furosemide (4-chloro-2-(furan-2-ylmethylamino)-5-sulfamoyl benzoic acid) is a widely used, FDA-approved drug prescribed for several symptoms associated with heart, kidney, liver failure, or chronic ...high blood pressure. In this work, a glassy carbon working electrode modified with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate is developed to detect furosemide (FURO) with high sensitivity and precise selectivity. The modified electrode was also characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared, and cyclic voltammetry. Here, an efficient and cost- and time-efficient technique to study the furosemide mechanism of reaction in an acidic liquid medium is presented. An electrochemical oxidation of loop diuretic furosemide was investigated in a supporting electrolyte, 0.01 M of phosphate buffer (at a pH level of 4.0) at 25 ± 0.1 °C using a differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) technique. Under optimized parameters, the developed sensor displays a wide detection range of furosemide concentrations of 6.0 × 10–6 to 1.0 × 10–4 M with a detection limit of 2.0 × 10–6 M using DPV. The presented sensor offers a robust and high-precision technique with an excellent reproducibility to detect furosemide in as a real sample such as urine and pharmaceutical products.
•Analysis of bovine, porcine and fish DNA in gelatin samples.•PCR method was validated with 35 food and dietary products.•Lower limit of detection was 0.005 ng/µl under gelatin admixed conditions.
...Detection of animal materials in gelatin-based products is required to address religious and cultural concerns, because porcine and bovine gelatins are prohibited in Halal, Kosher and Hindus consumer goods. In this paper, multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay using TaqMan probe was developed to discriminate bovine, porcine and fish gelatin species in a single assay platform. The assay was specific to cattle, pigs and fish, having been tested against 14 non-target species. The limit of detection, under gelatin admixed conditions, was 0.005 ng/µL. Finally, a pilot survey was undertaken testing 35 Halal branded processed food and dietary items. Out of 35 samples, only two were found to be positive for porcine species. The authenticity of these two qPCR products was confirmed by DNA sequencing analysis, which showed 99–100% similarity with Sus scrofa (Wild boar) species.
Abstract Antimicrobials are molecules that prevent the formation of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The necessity to detect antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) using machine ...learning and deep learning arises from the need for efficiency to accelerate the discovery of AMPs, and contribute to developing effective antimicrobial therapies, especially in the face of increasing antibiotic resistance. This study introduced AMP-RNNpro based on Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), an innovative model for detecting AMPs, which was designed with eight feature encoding methods that are selected according to four criteria: amino acid compositional, grouped amino acid compositional, autocorrelation, and pseudo-amino acid compositional to represent the protein sequences for efficient identification of AMPs. In our framework, two-stage predictions have been conducted. Initially, this study analyzed 33 models on these feature extractions. Then, we selected the best six models from these models using rigorous performance metrics. In the second stage, probabilistic features have been generated from the selected six models in each feature encoding and they are aggregated to be fed into our final meta-model called AMP-RNNpro. This study also introduced 20 features with SHAP, which are crucial in the drug development fields, where we discover AAC, ASDC, and CKSAAGP features are highly impactful for detection and drug discovery. Our proposed framework, AMP-RNNpro excels in the identification of novel Amps with 97.15% accuracy, 96.48% sensitivity, and 97.87% specificity. We built a user-friendly website for demonstrating the accurate prediction of AMPs based on the proposed approach which can be accessed at http://13.126.159.30/ .
This paper presents the design of a Built-in-self-Test (BIST) implemented Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cryptoprocessor Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). AES has been proved as the ...strongest symmetric encryption algorithm declared by USA Govt. and it outperforms all other existing cryptographic algorithms. Its hardware implementation offers much higher speed and physical security than that of its software implementation. Due to this reason, a number of AES cryptoprocessor ASIC have been presented in the literature, but the problem of testability in the complex AES chip is not addressed yet. This research introduces a solution to the problem for the AES cryptoprocessor ASIC implementing mixed-mode BIST technique, a hybrid of pseudo-random and deterministic techniques. The BIST implemented ASIC is designed using IEEE industry standard Hardware Description Language(HDL). It has been simulated using Electronic Design Automation (EDA)tools for verification and validation using the input-output data from the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) of the USA Govt. The simulation results show that the design is working as per desired functionalities in different modes of operation of the ASIC. The current research is compared with those of other researchers, and it shows that it is unique in terms of BIST implementation into the ASIC chip.
Finding a subspace which consists of the most informative features for reliable hyperspectral image classification is a challenging task. Feature reduction is often achieved via feature selection and ...feature extraction techniques. In this letter, a hybrid approach which combines both treatments is proposed. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is applied as a preprocessing step so that each of the new features is generated from the complete set of the original spectral bands. Feature selection is then performed effectively using a normalized Mutual Information (nMI) measure with two constraints to maximize general relevance and minimize redundancy in the selected subspace. The proposed algorithm (PCA-nMI) is tested on hyperspectral images and the experimental results show that the modifications give significant improvement in terms of classification accuracy.
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